Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers

Relativism--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The first clear statement of relativism comes with the Sophist Protagoras, as quoted by Plato, "The air things appear to me, in that way they cost for me and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for you" (Theaetetus 152a). Thus, however I see things, that is actually legitimate -- for me. If you see things differently, wherefore that is true -- for you. There is no separate or objective truth apart from how each individual happens to see things. Consequently, Protagoras says that there is no such(prenominal) thing as falsehood. Unfortunately, this would make Protagorass take in profession meaningless, since his argument is to teach people how to persuade others of their own beliefs. It would be strange to reveal others that what they gestate is true solely that they should accept what you say nevertheless. So Protagoras qualified his doctrine while whatever any one believes is true, things that some people believe may be fall in than what others believe. Plato thought that such a qualification reveals the inconsistency of the whole doctrine. His basic argument against relativism is called the "Turning the Tables" (Peritrop, "turning around") argument, and it goes something like this "If the way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me, and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for you, then it appears to me that your whole doctrine is false." Since anything that appears to me is true, then it must be true that Protagoras is wrong 1. Relativism hence has the strange discursive property of not being able to deny the truth of its own contradiction. Indeed, if Protagoras says that there is no falsehood, then he cannot say that the opposite, the contradiction, of his own doctrine is false. Protagoras wants to realize it both ways -- that there is no falsehood but that the denial of what he says is false -- and that is typical of relativism. And if we say that relativism simply mean that whatever I believe is nobody elses business, then there is no reason why I should tell anybody else what I believe, since it is then none of my business to influence their beliefs. So then, why bother even stating relativism if it cannot be used to deny opposing views? Protagorass own way out that his view must be "better"... ...th recognizing the self-contradictory and self-defeating character of relativism is that it does remove the easy out. We may know thereby that there are absolute and objective truths and values, but this doesnt tell us what they are, how they exist, or how we can know them. In our day, it often seems that we are still not one iota closer to having the answers to those questions. Thus, the burden of proof in the history of philosophical system is to provide those answers for any claims that might be made in matters of fact or value. Socrates and Plat o got off too a good start, but the defects in Platos theory, see by his student Aristotle, immediately tangled up the issues in a way that still has never been properly untangled. Most philosophers would plausibly say straight off that there has been mount in understanding all these issues, but then the embarrassment is that they mostly would not agree about serious in what the progress consists. The relativists still think that progress is to return to what Protagoras thought in the first place. What they really want is that easy out, so as not to need to present the awesome task of justifying or discovering the true nature of being and value. Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers Relativism--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The first clear statement of relativism comes with the Sophist Protagoras, as quoted by Plato, "The way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for you" (Theaetetus 152a). Thus, however I see things, that is actually true -- for me. If you see things differently, then that is true -- for you. There is no separate or objective truth apart from how each individual happens to see things. Consequently, Protagoras says that there is no such thing as falsehood. Unfortunately, this would make Protagorass own profession meaningless, since his business is to teach people how to persuade others of their own beliefs. It would be strange to tell others that what they believe is true but that they should accept what you say nevertheless. So Protagoras qualified his doctrine while whatever anyone believes is true, things that some people believe may be better than what others believe. Plato thought that such a qualification reveals the inconsistency of the whole doctrine. His basic argument against relativism is called the "Turning the Tables" (Peritrop, "turning around") argument, and it goes something like this "If the way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me, and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for you, then it appears to me that your whole doctrine is false." Since anything that appears to me is true, then it must be true that Protagoras is wrong 1. Relativism thus has the strange logical property of not being able to deny the truth of its own contradiction. Indeed, if Protagoras says that there is no falsehood, then he cannot say that the opposite, the contradiction, of his own doctrine is false. Protagoras wants to have it both ways -- that there is no falsehood but that the denial of what he says is false -- and that is typical of relativism. And if we say that relativism simply means that whatever I believe is nobody elses business, then there is no reason why I should tell anybody else what I believe, since it is then none of my business to influence their beliefs. So then, why bother even stating relativism if it cannot be used to deny opposing views? Protagorass own way out that his view must be "better"... ...th recognizing the self-contradictory and self-defeating character of relativism is that it does remove the easy out. We may know thereby that there are absolute and objective truths and values, but this doesnt tell us what they are, how they exist, or how we can know them. In our day, it often seems that we are still not one iota closer to having the answers to those questions. Thus, the burden of proof in the history of philosophy is to provide those answers for any claims that might be made in matters of fact or value. Socrates and Plato got off too a good start, but the defects in Platos theory, misunderstood by his student Aristotle, immediately tangled up the issues in a way that still has never been properly untangled. Most philosophers would probably say today that there has been progress in understanding all these issues, but then the embarrassment is that they mostl y would not agree about just in what the progress consists. The relativists still think that progress is to return to what Protagoras thought in the first place. What they really want is that easy out, so as not to need to face the awesome task of justifying or discovering the true nature of being and value.

Malpractice Issues Essay -- Medicine

When I do good, I feel good. When I do bad, I feel bad. Thats my religion. Abraham Lincoln once said this and he said this in the sense that everyone is vulner qualified to doing wrong by accident or on purpose. Doctor is considered as great people who are able to use their skills to care for patients nonetheless, they can deviate from the good and become bad as well. In response to this mal institutionalize, laws are there to protect patients from being harmed by the practice of a doctor. Giving the advantage of suing the doctor for malpractice creates a functioning barrier that affects the performance of a doctor. Malpractice laws create fear in the physician that it hinders them from perform in their maximum capacity. Although malpractice laws exist to protect the patient and perfect the medical practice of a doctor, it leads the doctors to practice defensive medicine. Malpractice laws are important for the protection of a patient. It is essential that these laws exist so that doctors are very cautious in their practice. Every day we hear many stories about doctors being sued for malpractice. Malpractice is bad practice performed by the doctor, which in some way or another, harms the patient. Malpractice is also known as negligence, which is when a doctor or health professional makes a flaw in their practice that, could have been prevented and this harms the patient who is receiving the care (Kieserman). In order for a malpractice to occur, there are five factors involved. First, an accident occurs due to the neglect of a doctor. Secondly, the incident was avoidable, but due to carelessness, it was not prevented. Thirdly, the physician violated their duty of care. For example, in a case where the patient was feeling sick,... ...ine 25.5 (2010) 470-473. faculty member Search Premier. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.Kieserman, Robert. Class Lecture. Intro to Health Services. Arcadia University, Glenside, PA. 07- Feb.Manner, Paul A. Practicing Defensive Medicine-No t Good for Patients or Physicians. Practicing Defensive Medicine - Not Good for Patients or Physicians. American Association of orthopaedic Surgeons, Jan.-Feb. 2007. Web. 03 Apr. 2012. .Studdert DM, Mello MM, Sage WM, et al. Defensive medicine among high risk specialist Physicians in a volatile malpractice environment. JAMA. 2005293(21)2609-2617. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. .Watts, Geoff. Bad Medicine. New Scientist 184.2470 (2004) 38-41. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Kierkegaard: Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself as a Basis for Ethics :: Morals Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Kierkegaard Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself as a Basis for Ethics Thou shalt love the Lord thy graven image with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. This is the first and great dominationment. And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the honor and the prophets. Matthew 2237-40, AV When you open the door which you shut in order to pray to God, the first person you meet as you go out is your neighbour whom you shall love. wonderful Kierkegaard, p.64 1 Introduction This paper is a philosophical exploration of some aspects and implications of the second great commandment, to love thy neighbor as thyself, which Kierkegaard called the royal command. This is often thought to be the heart of Christian ethics Wattles, p.8. This agape-obligation has seemed to some to pose difficulties. Macquarrie and Kierkegaard both recognize that there has been objection. Macquarrie several times notes his opposit ion to the belief,that moralistic laws are the heteronomous commands of a transcendent deity who demands obedience. p.219f and even worse, imposed on creatures from whom he is wholly other, a command, moreover, which they have no capacity to obey except by grace alone, while this grace, in turn, seems to be also external and has to be infused from outside. p.221 Kierkegaard wrote that,to the pagan, this command You shall love will not only surprise him but will incommode him and be an offence to him. p.41 It may perhaps offend you well, you know it anyway, that Christianity is always accompanied by signs of offense. Nevertheless believe it .... Do not stop believe because the command almost offends you. p.74 The thesis of this paper is that, setting aside the question of moral offense that has disturbed commentators from Thomas Paine (The Age of Reason) to William Empson (Miltons God), agape to neighbor makes nose out only under monotheistic or specifically Christian assumptions , and therefore, the old saw, Christianity may not be factually true, but it has a sublime good teaching, is problematical. A number of issues inevitably arise in any serious discussion of agape. Some of these issues are discussed in the sections below 2.1 How is love for God like love for neighbor?2.2 Is Gods love for me like my love for neighbor?2.3 How is love for neighbor like love of self?

Eli Whitney And The Cotton Gin :: American History

Eli Whitney and the Cotton GinEli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and a pioneer in the mass production of cotton. Whitney was born in Westboro , Massachusetts., on Dec. 8, 1765, and died on Jan. 8, 1825. He graduated from Yale College in 1792. By April 1793, Whitney had designed and constructed the cotton gin, a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber. Eli Whitneys machine could produce up to 23 kg (50 lb) of cleaned cotton daily, making southern cotton a profitable crop for the first time. Unfortunately Whitney failed to profit from his invention imitations of his machine appeared, and his 1794 invention was not upheld until 1807. Eli Whitney and his business partner, Phineas milling machine, opted to produce as many cotton gins as possible, install them throughout Georgia and the South, and charge farmers a fee for doing the ginning for them. Their charge was two-fifths of the profit, paid to them in cotton itself. And here , all their troubles began. Farmers throughout Georgia resented having to go to Eli Whitneys cotton gins where they had to pay what they regarded as an exorbitant tax. Instead planters began making their own versions of Eli Whitneys gin and claiming they were new inventions. Miller brought costly suits against the owners of these pirated versions simply because of a loophole in the wording of the 1793 patent act, they were unable to win any suits until 1800, when the law was changed.Struggling to make a profit and mired in legal battles, the partners finally agreed to license gins at a reasonable price. In 1802, South Carolina agreed to purchase Eli Whitneys patent right for $50,000 but delayed in paying it. The partners also arranged to sell the patent rights to North Carolina and Tennessee. By the time even the Georgia courts recognized the wrongs done to Eli Whitney, exactly one year of his patent remained. In 1808 and again in 1812 he humbly petitioned Congress for a renewal of his patent. In 1798, Eli Whitney invented a way to concoct muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. Ironically, it was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. Background on the Cotton Gin The cotton gin is a device for removing the seeds from cotton fiber. Simple devices for that purpose have been around for centuries, an East Indian machine called a charka was used to separate the seeds from the lint when the fiber was pulled through a set of rollers.

Socialist Utopia In Nineteen E :: essays research papers

Eric Blair, known to his readers under the English pen name of George Orwell (1903-1950), was a man familiar with the roles of government. He served with the British government in Burma under the Indian Imperial Police. Returning to his European roots, Orwell also sided with the Spanish government as he fought with the Loyalists in their civil war. It wasnt until he wrote professionally as a political writer that Orwells ideas of government were fully expressed. Orwell, in his political writings, was extremely contradictory. He was a critic of communism, yet he also considered himself a Socialist. He had hatred toward intellectuals, but he too was a political writer. It is only natural that a man of paradoxes would write of them. In his novel xix Eighty-Four, George Orwell develops his Socialist Utopia as a paradoxical society that ultimately succeeds rather than flounders.The society that Orwell creates is full of paradoxes that existed all the way up to its origins. The founders of the new lifestyle, known as the revolutionaries of the mid-twentieth century, leads the public to believe false intentions of revolt, as these purposes soon become exact opposite divulgecomes. The original designers seek to create an ideal social order out of England that is beneficial to all. Marin Kessler, a literary essayist, agrees that these utopians&8230had hoped to construct a perfect society in which men and women could enjoy that ultimate degree of happiness which, it was implied denied through the rabidity and wickedness of their present rulers (304). Besides being founded on the concept of a Utopia, the revolutionaries believe they could achieve their goals through Ingsoc, a variation on English socialist economy (named justly). The main concept of socialism is its stress on social equality, so much that the government distributes any possessions equally. In reality, this policy sought to destroy one-on-one property, instead emphasizing collective property, owned by the government for the ultimate purpose of equality. Socialism is also often considered the politics of the working class and degrade rgime, since they actually benefited from it. Although the founders claim to create a socialist Utopia with its respective freedoms, the society of Oceania they create is exactly the opposite of their original principles. OBrien, a major endorser to the government organization known as the Party, describes the contradictory characteristics of the world power of Oceania, Do you begin to see then, what kind of world we are creating?

Socialist Utopia In Nineteen E :: essays research papers

Eric Blair, known to his readers under the English pen name of George Orwell (1903-1950), was a man familiar with the roles of government. He served with the British government in Burma under the Indian Imperial Police. Returning to his European roots, Orwell also sided with the Spanish government as he fought with the Loyalists in their civil war. It wasnt until he wrote professionally as a political writer that Orwells ideas of government were fully expressed. Orwell, in his political writings, was extremely contradictory. He was a critic of communism, yet he also considered himself a Socialist. He had hatred toward intellectuals, but he too was a political writer. It is only natural that a man of paradoxes would write of them. In his novel 19 Eighty-Four, George Orwell develops his Socialist Utopia as a paradoxical society that ultimately succeeds rather than flounders.The society that Orwell creates is full of paradoxes that existed all the way up to its origins. The founders o f the new lifestyle, known as the revolutionaries of the mid-twentieth century, leads the public to believe false intentions of revolt, as these purposes soon become exact opposite offcomes. The original designers seek to create an ideal social order out of England that is beneficial to all. Marin Kessler, a literary essayist, agrees that these utopians&8230had hoped to construct a perfect society in which men and women could enjoy that ultimate degree of happiness which, it was implied denied through the fury and wickedness of their present rulers (304). Besides being founded on the concept of a Utopia, the revolutionaries believe they could achieve their goals through Ingsoc, a variation on English collectivism (named justly). The main concept of socialism is its stress on social equality, so much that the government distributes any possessions equally. In reality, this policy sought to destroy mortal property, instead emphasizing collective property, owned by the government f or the ultimate purpose of equality. Socialism is also often considered the politics of the working class and get down rgime, since they actually benefited from it. Although the founders claim to create a socialist Utopia with its respective freedoms, the society of Oceania they create is exactly the opposite of their original principles. OBrien, a major reader to the government organization known as the Party, describes the contradictory characteristics of the world power of Oceania, Do you begin to see then, what kind of world we are creating?

Controlling Case study Essay

Abstract This paper studies solicitude keep back design of provider relationships in manufacturing, a furnish ambit phase currently under-explored. Compargond to provider relations during procurement and R&D, which research strand to be puted by a combination of semiformal and informal maintains, supplier relations in manufacturing ar more formal, so that they could be governed by more formal and less informal controls. To refine the anxiety control system and influencing contingencies, we paint a picture a theoretical mannequin specifically adapted for the manufacturing stage.This material is investigated by an in depth case study of the supplier circumspection control of a Volvo Cars achievement forwardness. We identify three types of suppliers visualizing the associations in the theoretical account and illustrating the frameworks explicative power in (self-propelling) manufacturing. Furthermore, the case contradicts that supplier relations in the manufacturing phase are governed by little informal control, beca procedure the automaker spunkyly values the role of combining building and companionable pressure.Most nonably, a unified supplier team functions as a clan and establishes informal control among participating suppliers, which strengthens the automakers control on dyadic supplier relations. Keywords Management control Supplier relationships Manufacturing fortuity possible action Case research Automotive 2 1. Introduction In the current economic environment, characterised by globalisation and enhanced levels of competition, companies require an effective supply chain with inter-organizational relationships (IORs) to strive for sustainable hawkish advantage.Not surprisingly, studies show that IORs have a high potential impact on organization realizeance (e. g. Anderson & Dekker, 2005). Literature, however, similarly asks that many IORs do not provide the expected benefits and are often terminated because of managing diffic ulties (Ireland, Hitt & Vaidynanath, 2002). Academics often propose that lack of coordination and opportunistic behaviour of partners are the 2 main reasons for the comparatively high relationship failure rate (e. g. Dekker, 2004).Hence, counselling control systems (MCSs) are argued to play a critical role in preventing such failure, by establishing governance mechanisms to control the relationship (Ireland et al. , 2002). The fundamental goal of MCSs is to influence decision making in attaining strategic objectives (Nixon & Burns, 2005). In an inter-organizational setting, this implies creating bilateral incentives to pursue usual goals. Already in the mid-nineties, scholars started calling for more attention for this topic (e.g. Hopwood, 1996 Otley, 1994), and have not stopped since (e. g. van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2006).Consequently, inter-organisational MCSs have been studied from several angles, including outsourcing (e. g. Anderson, Glenn & Sedatole, 2000), inter-o rganizational cost management (e. g. Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004), partnerships (e. g. Seal, Berry, Cullen, Dunlop & Ahmed, 1999), strategic alliances (e. g. Dekker 2004), networks (e. g. Kajuter & Kulmala, 2005) and enounce ventures (e.g. Kamminga & van der MeerKooistra, 2007).Yet, the main emphasis was put on relational collaboration during the first stages of the supply chain, videlicet procurement, which involves the make-or-buy decision, partner cream and nip design, and R&D. Although this historical focus is certainly justified, management control in a later phase of the supply chain, namely manufacturing, remains relatively under-explored (Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004 Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003).However, purchased intersections and services for manufacturing account for more than 60% of the average companys total costs (Degraeve & Roodhooft, 2001) and are subject to continuous improvement with suppliers, also requiring decorous management control. Therefore, this study ill ustrates how shapers design the MCS of supplier relations in the manufacturing phase of the supply chain, which we refer to as manufacturer-supplier relationships (MSRs).In other words, we abstract from 3procurement and R&D influences. 1 Nevertheless, management control research on previous supply chain stages, offers a first theoretical insight into how a MCS for MSRs could look like. In particular, prior empirical research on IORs such as R&D collaboration (Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004), strategic alliances (Dekker 2004) and joint ventures (Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra, 2007) found MCSs that combine both(prenominal) formal controls, like outcome controls, and more informal controls, such as trust building.Also the execution of service outsourcing projects, like industrial maintenance (van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000), IT (Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003) and accountancy (Nicholson, Jones & Espenlaub, 2006) is governed by a combined MCS. So if we assume these findings to hold for other IOR types (external severeness) and neglect potential characteristic differences, MSRs could be expected to be governed by a combination of formal and informal control as well. Yet, by taking into account differences surrounded by MSRs and other types of IORs, the MCS design could be diverse.In that respect, we argue that manufacturing is more formal than procurement and R&D. Indications for that argument and its consequences for management control chiffonier be found in the management control framework of Das & Teng (2001). Based on the variables in their framework2, task programmability and outcome measurability, it should be clear that for manufacturing both variable levels are high, or at least higher(prenominal) than in the case of procurement and R&D. Consequently, the framework indicates that formal controls are suited mechanisms to govern MSRs.This argument is strengthened by the type of cognition utilisation in MSRs, for which organization literary to ils provides a clear distinction between knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation. On the one hand, it is argued that the first supply chain phases, think of procurement and R&D, aim at knowledge exploration, while the later stages, like manufacturing, primarily 1 Obviously, procurement and R&D do impact the manufacturing phase.Yet, as our aim is refining supplier MCS design in themanufacturing phase, we deliberately exclude these influences. In terms of research methodology, this abstraction is put into performance by studying a MSR between a manufacturer facility and supplier facility only dealing with manufacturing, while procurement and R&D are handled by their respective mother companies (cf part three of this paper research methodology). 2 Although this framework was originally developed by Ouchi (1979) for use in MCS design within organizations, Das & Teng (2001) further adapted it for use in IORs.Task programmability refers to the degree to which managers understan d the transformation process in which captivate behaviour is to take place. Outcome measurability refers to the ability to measure outcome precisely and objectively. When outcome measurability is high/low and task programmability is low/high, formal outcome/behaviour control should be set up to govern the relation. When both dimensions are low, informal control is preferable, but when both measures are high, both outcome and behaviour control are suited control mechanisms (Das & Teng, 2001).4aim at knowledge exploitation. On the other hand, research shows that the exploration of knowledge is best governed by informal controls, while knowledge exploitation is closely adequately controlled by formal controls (Bijlsma-Frankema & Costa, 2005). Thus, based on the characteristics of high task programmability, high outcome measurability and knowledge exploitation goals, MSRs could be expected to be governed by primarily formal controls with little informal controls. In other words, the l iterature offers different management control designs for MSRs regarding the informal control level.Therefore, this study investigates how the MCS of MSRs is designed and how important informal controls are in that design, in particular in IORs between an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and suppliers of outsourced manufacturing activities in the trend-setting automotive industry (cf Womack, Jones & Roos, 1990). An automobile is a complex product manufactured with thousands of components. Consequently, also this industry increasingly outsourced non-core activities and started relying on suppliers to ready lower costs.To that end, a variety of supply chain management practices has been implemented, such as lean supply and continuous improvement. Yet, these induce the need for appropriate management control structures and bi-directional communication to organize and manage the relation (Carr & Ng, 1995 Scannell, Vickery & Droge, 2000). In that respect, one particular automaker, namely Toyota, is known for partnering with suppliers, transferring its expertise to help suppliers and installing softer forms of control including trust.To govern the search for continuous improvement in manufacturing, Toyota established the Toyota Group by means of a supplier association, an trading operations management consulting division and voluntary beautiful group learning teams (Dyer & Nobeoka, 2000). However, practitioner literature (e. g. Automotive News/Automotive News Europe) describes several other automakers governing this search by heavily declare supplier relations. Contrary to cooperation during procurement and R&D, manufacturing is argued to become much more demanding towards suppliers.Automakers increasingly transfer manufacturing take a chance and supply responsibility to first-tier suppliers, which passs in suppliers delivering to very beggarly just-in- clock time and in-sequence schedules (Alford, Sackett & Nelder, 2000). As a result, OEMs install forma l controls and supplier improvement techniques, which alert suppliers to the importance of ameliorating supply performance at lower costs. Hence, also automotive practice shows evidence of high and low levels of informal control. Therefore, this study specifically investigates how the MCS of automotive MSRs is designed.Yet, besides illustrating MCS design, this paper contributes to explaining MCS design of automotive 5 MSRs. To our knowledge, little inter-organizational management control research specifically investigated contingency theorys explicative power in manufacturing. Naturally, several papers study influences on MCS design in production environments, like the impact of manufacturing flexibility (Abernethy & Lillis, 1995), customization and related interdependency (Bouwens & Abernethy, 2000), profit centre strategy (Lillis, 2002), production strategy, production technology and organization (van Veen-Dirks, 2006).However, these studies investigate characteristics explainin g MCS design in one organisation, while our study focuses on inter-organizational relations. To that end, we propose a refined theoretical contingency framework based on recent inter-organizational management control theory, but specifically adapted for the manufacturing stage. This framework proposes several contingencies determining the level of hazard, which is governed by different levels of management control techniques.In order to illustrate the validity of the framework in practice and answer how and why automakers design their MCS, we perform an in depth case study of the relations between a facility (VCG) of the international OEM Volvo Cars and a selection of its first-tier supplier facilities. The case study provides considerable evidence of three supplier types, namely batch, low value-added just-in-sequence and high value-added just-in-sequence suppliers, visualizing the associations in the framework between contingencies, essays and management controls.These controls include both formal and informal techniques, of which trust building and social pressure are highly valued. Most notably, VCGs structured supplier team functions as a clan and establishes informal control among participating suppliers, which strengthens control on the OEMs dyadic supplier relations. As our framework draws on case findings from other less formal IORs, it seems that our case findings offer more evidence of their external validity. That way, the findings contradict that informal controls play a churl role in automotive MSRs.In particular, VCGs MCS, combining both formal and informal controls, is argued to be designed specifically to improve supply performance. The equaliser of this paper is organized as follows. In the second part, we develop the theoretical contingency framework. The third part describes the case research methodology. The fourth part is the true case study, which presents VCG, describes three supplier types by means of contingency levels and clarif ies how VCG designed the MCS governing them.In the fifth part, we discuss our findings by comparing VCGs management control with previous findings and elaborating on the significance of VCGs supplier team. We conclude the paper with a summary of the main findings and some avenues for further research. 6 2. conjectural framework In this part, we develop a theoretical contingency framework for MCS design of MSRs, which can be found in figure I. Contingency theory originated with the aim of explaining the structure of organizations by particular circumstances.Later, management accounting researchers adopted and further developed the theory in order to explain the shape of MCSs in organizations (e. g. Chenhall, 2003 Luft & Shields, 2003). Therefore, contingency theory suits this study, regarding MCS design of MSRs and its explicative variables. The central concept of the framework is the level of find a certain MSR runs. Inter-organizational management control theory proposes two typ es of risk, which result from five different situational originators, characterizing the MSR.Although we clarify both risk types separately, we stress the integrative examineation of all contingencies jointly determining both levels of risk. Subsequently, this risk is governed by different management control instruments, either with a large or a small role for informal control. 3 2. 1. Performance risk The first risk type is performance risk, defined as the probability of not achieving the MSR objectives, despite satisfactory cooperation (Das & Teng, 2001).This type of risk is also referred to as coordination requirements (Dekker, 2004 Gulati & Singh, 1998) or the mastery of events (Tomkins, 2001). As the MSR objective concerns manufacturing as many products of the order book as possible, on time, with sizeable quality at the lowest possible cost, performance risk is the risk of a supply chain interruption disturbing the realisation of this goal. Three contingencies related to te chnology increase this risk, namely complexity, task dubiety and task interdependence (Chenhall, 2003).Yet as complexity and task uncertainty are highly related (Chenhall, 2003), the framework does not include complexity separately (cf Dekker, 2004). 3 gibe to van Veen-Dirks (2006), all situational characteristics and MCS characteristics are determined jointly instead of sequentially. Also Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra (2007) propose that the influence of contingencies is not determined by distributively antecedent as such, but by their interaction. In addition, they suggest studying control as an integrative concept, in which all control dimensions are consistd.Consequently, we do not propose one-on-one associations between one specific contingency, one specific type of risk and one specific type of control, suggested to suit that risk type. Instead, our shape simultaneously studies the associations between situational contingencies, risks and management control techniques, as put forward by the three boxes of figure I. The boxes of contingencies and risks are put together to stress their interdependence and joint impact on management control.7 Task uncertainty relates to variability in transformation tasks and the available knowledge of methods for performing those tasks (Chenhall, 2003). This situational characteristic determines the measurability difficulty of output and activities (Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra, 2007 van der MeerKooistra & Vosselman, 2000), which increases with increasing levels of complexity of both the delivered product and its functional processes (Woodward, 1965).The first complexity is related to the added value of the product and piecemeal increases depending on whether the supplier delivers a standard component or an important customized module (Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004). The second complexity regards the added value of the production process and reflects the complexity of the suppliers manufacturing processes needed to effectively produce and deliver products as required. Task interdependence refers to the degree to which subactivities of the value creation process have been split up and made dependent on each other (Dekker, 2004).In MSRs, this interdependence is sequential (Thompson, 1967)4, because the relation involves transferring the suppliers output to the manufacturers introduce process. The level of sequential interdependence is impacted by the dependence level of the manufacturers operational performance on the supply quality (timeliness and product quality). Moreover, the interdependence level of a specific MSR is influenced by the production flexibility required from both parties and the manufacturers lack of precise knowledge to perform activities previously done in-house.2. 2. Relational risk The second type of risk is relational risk, implying the probability of not having satisfactory cooperation because of opportunistic behaviour of the supplier, exemplified in shirking, cheati ng, distorting information and appropriating resources (Das and Teng, 2001). This type of risk is also referred to as appropriation concerns (Dekker, 2004 Gulati & Singh, 1998) or the generation of trust (Tomkins, 2001).Transaction cost economics (TCE) theory5 proposes three contingencies that influence relational risk and subsequently determine appropriate control asset specificity, environmental uncertainty and transaction frequency (Williamson, 1979). Yet, as the manufacturer possesses no specific assets related to a certain supplier, at 4 Thompson (1967) identifies three levels of task interdependence from low to high, which influence the level of inter-organisational coordination and communication pooled, sequential and reciprocal interdependence.5 TCE argues that parties are only boundedly rational and behave opportunistically. Therefore, the total cost of outsourcing is the sum of both the supplied component costs and the transaction costs, including costs for negotiation, dr awing up contracts, coordination, control and risk of opportunistic behaviour (van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000). 8 least not in the manufacturing phase of the supply chain, there is no lock-in to supplier opportunistic behaviour.6 Hence, unlike uncertainty and transaction frequency, asset specificity does not influence supplier opportunistic behaviour in MSRs and is not included in our theoretical framework. Consistent with being a central contingency research concept, environmental uncertainty also forms a powerful characteristic of MSRs (Chenhall, 2003). In particular, this contingency relates to general market uncertainties and uncertainty about(predicate) unknown future contingencies (Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra, 2007 Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003 van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000).Because manufacturer and supplier interact under these uncertainties, both parties face changes over time, which require detailed contracts (Dekker, 2004). However, incomplete cont ract theory argues that there last limitations in drawing up complete contracts, because all future contingencies can not be foreseen, are too pricey to foresee or are too expensive or impossible to contract upon (Gietzmann, 1996). Consequently, the combination of uncertainty and incomplete contracts leads to potential opportunistic behaviour of the supplier. tally to TCE, more frequent interactions lower the possibility of opportunistic behaviour (Williamson, 1979). So, to preserve a positive relation between contingencies and relational risk, we could utilize infrequency as contingency variable (e. g. Anderson & Dekker, 2005). Yet, as we study MSRs with no connection to commercial negotiations determining the contract term, we include the antecedent relational stability aim. This contingency relates to the manufacturers aim of continued future interactions with the supplier and serves to build bilateral commitment (Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004).We argue that MSRs, in which relation al stability is considered necessary and thus aspired by the manufacturer, are subject to higher relational risk. For example, if supplier switching costs are high due to high interdependence, high commitment from the manufacturer could act the supplier to accept lower quality or delivery performance. Besides including a transaction environment characteristic and a transaction characteristic, we also incorporate a transaction party characteristic (Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003 van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000).In particular, we include supplier knowledge importance, which encompasses the degree of importance for the manufacturer to know the supplier and to be able to assess characteristics, such as management competence, trustworthiness and willingness to share proprietary knowledge. Usually, this kind of assessment is done by means of first-hand or second-hand experience. Hence, we argue that when the 6 Obviously, suppliers do have specific assets in place, rendering them vulnerable to opportunistic behaviour from the part of the manufacturer.However, this study and the developed theoretical framework only focus on supplier opportunistic behaviour. 9 importance of supplier knowledge rises, the risk for insufficient or erroneous assessment and subsequent supplier opportunistic behaviour increases. 2. 3. Management control system Although MCSs have been conceptualised and categorised in various ways, the current management control literature has reached a consensus on two types of management controls, namely formal and informal control instruments (Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003).Obviously, studying the usage of informal controls compared to formal controls requires both control types to be included in the theoretical framework. Formal controls are explicitly set up to coordinate the MSR and include outcome controls and behaviour controls. Outcome control involves the measurement and evaluation of the outcomes of operations against pre-defined outcomes or targets, by using several performance measurement techniques (Ouchi, 1979 Dekker, 2004). The most important outcome metrics for MSRs are percentage of defects, quality of delivered goods and on time delivery of goods (Gunasekaran, Patel & McGaughey, 2004).Behavioural control concerns the specification and actual surveillance of behaviour, by means of rules and standard procedures (Ouchi, 1979). Additionally, behaviour control includes evaluating compliance with pre-specified planning, procedures, rules and regulations (Dekker, 2004). Informal controls (also called social controls) are not explicitly designed, but are grown out of shared norms and values, shaped by frequent interaction, meetings and management attitude (Ouchi, 1979 Merchant, 1998). Especially trust building7 has emerged as a very important informal control instrument in inter-organizational MCSs (e. g.Dekker, 2004).While formal controls reduce the risk by altering the incentives for underperformance and opportunis tic behaviour, trust mitigates risk by minimizing the fear of underperformance and opportunistic behaviour to occur (Das and Teng 2001). Therefore, we include three types of inter-organizational trust building, namely building contractual trust, competence trust and gracility trust (Sako, 1992). 8 contractual trust results from previous contractual relations or grows during the MSR 7 Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt & Camerer (1998, p. 394).Define trust as a psychological estate comprising the intention to acceptvulnerability, based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behaviour of another. According to them trust is not a behaviour (cooperation), or a prize (e. g. taking a risk), but an underlying psychological condition that can cause or result from such actions (Rousseau et al. , 1998, p. 395 italics added).As such, trust in itself can not be a control instrument in the MCS of MSRs. Instead, the control techniques are the actions the manufacturer performs to create and build trust in the supplier. 8 Contractual trust is based on the expectation that the supplier will keep promises and comply with agreements made, whether these10 (Sako, 1992).Competence trust is increased by previous good performance, i. e. good quality and delivery results. Moreover, competence trust results from buying activities from reputable suppliers or transferring competences to the supplier. Additionally, product and/or process certification and process standardisation enhance competence trust (Sako, 1992). To develop goodwill trust, Sako (1992) identifies shared values and norms as necessary, but insufficient, as transaction parties also need to show the willingness to be indebted to each other.Gulati (1995) stresses creating and growing an inter-organizational bond of friendship to trigger goodwill trust (Gulati, 1995). Other possible goodwill trust initiators are interactive goal setting, trustworthiness genius and a long term relationship (Dekker, 2004). Next to these speci fic trust building mechanisms, the literature also proposes an important overall trust building technique, namely close interaction, based on mutual interests and established by means of joint decision making and joint problem solving via a joint relationship board and/or joint task groups (Das & Teng, 2001 Dekker, 2004).9 Besides trust building, MSRs can be governed by another type of informal control, which Ouchi (1979) refers to as clan control. Based on shared norms, values and a common inter-organizational goal, supplier behaviour in the interest of the MSR will be reinforced, because suppliers are make to achieve the goal (Das & Teng, 2001). This incentive results from inter-organisational social pressure (Spekle, 2001) exerted by the manufacturer, which we believe is social control in its literal sum.Because of high interdependence between manufacturer and supplier, below standard results of the supplier directly impact the manufacturers performance. Consequently, supplier management is unpleasantly confronted with manufacturer management and faces personal humiliation because of the error. Additionally, supplier management runs the risk of their reputation and personal relationship with interacting manufacturer management getting injured. Also Dyer & Singh (1998) mention reputation and personal relations as social control mechanisms, besides norms and trust.By acting as negatively valued social sanctions (Bijlsma- are contractually stipulated or not. Competence trust concerns the expectation that the supplier possesses the necessary technical and managerial competences to deliver the order as agreed. Goodwill trust regards the expectation that the supplier shares an open commitment, with the willingness to perform activities beneficial to the MSR, but maybe uncomplete in the suppliers interest nor required by the contract (Sako, 1992). 9 Other potential overall trust building techniques in a MSR are communication via regular inter-organizational me etings (Chalos &OConnor, 2004 Das & Teng, 2001), information sharing of problem areas (Chalos & OConnor, 2004), supplier development activities (Carr & Ng, 1995), networking (Das & Teng, 2001), training (Chalos & OConnor, 2004) and the extremity to which the employees of both parties understand the factors ensuring the collaborations future success (Chalos & OConnor, 2004). 11 Frankema & Costa, 2005), these social consequences create incentives for satisfactory supplier performance and render supplier opportunism hard to sustain (Spekle, 2001).If we assume operational snags to be day-today business in MSRs, this social pressure creates an informal means to mitigate risk in MSRs. 3. Research methodology 3. 1. Case study research The empirical part of this paper is based on an in depth case study, which is an investigation of a real life phenomenon, relying on multiple sources of evidence and benefiting from prior development of theoretical propositions (Yin, 1994). This research met hod suits our research that concerns refining existing interorganizational management control theory for the relatively under-explored manufacturing phase of the supply chain.10 According to Keating (1995), such theory refinement needs a clear theoretical starting point, supplemented with desolation to the discovery of unexpected findings. To balance these theory attachment and detachment requirements, we developed a theoretical framework to guide the data collection, but at the equivalent time used data collection techniques allowing sufficient openness. Furthermore, several interorganizational management control case studies (e. g. Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004 Dekker, 2004 Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra, 2007Nicholson et al. , 2006) strengthen the argument that cases allow investigation in detail the structure and influencing variables of IORs (Sartorius & Kirsten, 2005). These studies show that theory refinement of MCS design can be adequately investigated by means of qualitativ e research. The social meaning of inter-organizational MCSs, especially regarding the use and interpretation of informal controls, and the subsequent behaviour of companies and employees is very complex.So if we only skim the surface, we will never discover how different parties interpret certain IORs and whether the MCS is designed accordingly. This argument not only justifies the choice for a case study, but also forms the reason 10 Our research corresponds to investigating a complex phenomenon within its real life context of which empirical evidence is rather limited, and answering how and why questions about this phenomenon, for which case study research is most suited (Eisenhardt, 1989 Yin, 1994).Furthermore, Keating (1995) argues that case studies suit three goals and that our theory refinement goal represents the middle ground between theory discovery (describing novel phenomena) and theory defence mechanism (disconfirming well specified theories by bringing in negative evid ence). More specifically, our case research is of the theory illustration type, documenting previously unappreciated aspects of management accounting practice and identifying aspects of the illustrated theory that require reformulation or more rigorous specification (Keating, 1995, p.71).Indeed, the goal of this study is to illustrate how manufacturers design supplier MCSs, to what extent this design differs from designs in other IORs and how the design can be explained by means of a specifically adapted theoretical framework. 12 why more of this research is request (e. g. Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003 Dekker, 2004 van der MeerKooistra & Vosselman, 2006). 3. 2. Unit of analysis In most inter-organizational studies, the unit of analysis is one dyadic relation between two independent parties (van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2006).Since there exist different dyadic MSRs within one manufacturer and we study MCSs dependence on relationship contingencies, our unit of analysis consists of specific MSRs. Dyer & Singh (1998) explicitly propose the relational view, focusing on the buyer-supplier dyad, as opposed to the industry structure view and resource based view, when analyzing cooperative strategy and sources of inter-organizational competitive advantage. In order to answer the proposed research questions concerning MSR MCS design, we analyzed all relations after the manufacturer had decided to outsource the manufacturing activities.In other words, we addressed neither the make-or-buy decision nor related commercial negotiations, but collected data from the start of production onwards. Furthermore, we only gathered data on standard MCSs for MSRs with good operational performance. 3. 3. Case company selection The selection of the case company and its suppliers was influenced by two selection concerns theoretical sampling (Eisenhardt, 1989), and open and flexible access to.

School life

Every day seems never- ending. It feels like if we were at school a thousand hours instead of eight. Routine is heavy, always doing the same, waking up at 7 am then going to school at 8 am. After that we render to survive boring teachers and useless subjects for the next seven or eight hours with simply a few breaks between them. Once we arrive home all we want to do is sleep. But no, we can t, we got to do our homework.Teachers believe we do not have enough at school so they give us work to do at home. It seems like a Joke. We have no time for our interests or hobbies such as arts like learning how to play an instrument, learning to paint or draw or some(prenominal) we want to do. Our schedule is full of things. Most of them have to do with school. All what I have said is what a student would say if I ph wholeness him right now, tho if he took some seconds to think, he would realize school give us lots of possibilities.Thanks to school is that weve got friends. Students often said things such as Hey teachers, you know we have a social life, don t you? that s that s very rough, they (school) gave us the possibility of having a social life. Of course we got one outside school Personally, I think that we must stay positive and see the great things school life offers. Yes, its kind of tough but withal it will be our work life. That s school life porpoise, to prepared us for what is coming ext.Yes, I will not discuss sometimes It is boring, but remember all the time you laugh at school, with your friends and why not with your teachers too. School life Is hard, but its a good thing. Nelson Mandela once said instruction Is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. And he Is correct. Education is the key to success, and by success I do not only mean being a great doctor or businessman but also to reach happiness.

A Fear of Looking Foolish

Humor is a read way to scatter the face of being foolish. Keep in mind that who you are being foolish in strawman of are humans and there isnt one of them who hasnt been foolish themselves. I agree in this quote Our wisdom comes from our experience, and our experience comes from our foolishness from Sac Guitar, it symbolized that being foolish is not bad as we know, it is the experience that made us more brave from our mistakes. One more quote that eve found on Google Its always the fear of looking stupid that stops you from being atrocious fromKier Sacs, just remember that quote and try to relaxed and have faith on yourself when you are doing somethingthen youll just find that you made it through. The root cause of in all our excellence, all our ability, is fear.. We are afraid afraid to look bad, afraid to make a mistake, afraid to look like a fool in front of others. So we make sure that we are prepared. We make sure we are in control. We like to do well at anything that we do, it is never a joyousness to be bad at anything.But it is fear, a deep fear that motivates us more than anything else. Its always the fear of looking foolish that stops you from being abominable so release yourself from the fear of being foolish. Know that there are times when it leave happen. Deal with it with humor and move on. Whatever you do dont allow the fear of looking foolish stop you from doing what you want to do. As far as I know, no one has ever died from looking foolish. Yes, it hurts on the ego, solely does little other damage if we dont let it get to us.Always remember that looking foolish is all part of being human so onto be frightened of looking foolish just be who you are dont mind what people might think to you. There is a lot to be learned from fetching risk and not being perfect. Dont let the fear of making mistakes and looking awkward stop you from taking risks and living life to the fullest. Were qualifying to mess up. Were going to make mistakes. Were going to break things. While we try hard not to do that, the glory, the hero within us comes to play not when were perfect, but when we recover. Mistakes will be made, accidents happen, and you will screw up.

Covering Ignorance

In The New Civil Rights, Kenji Yoshino proposed that change is needed in our current well-mannered rights. In recent discussion of civil rights, one issue has been impinge onn that minorities are covering or toning down a disfavored identity to fit into the mainstream (Yoshino 479). On the one hand, some argues that covering is a spanking part for a fluid neighborly interaction and peaceful coexistence. From this perspective, we push aside see that the Yoshinos new civil rights that should be based to individual rights alternatively than groups can have a drastic change in how our participation functions (Yoshino 481).On the other hand, Yoshino argues that a new civil rights is needed for harnessing individual authenticity quite a than to assimilate in group identities. In Steve Olsons essay he said that Hawaii is a melting pot of racial cultures where races are close indistinguishable because of the history of intermarriage but still these people chose to affiliate themselv es differently than others (Olson 251). According to this view even with the lost of distinction between racial groups in Hawaii they still affiliate themselves to different groups to distinguish from the other groups.By looking at Yoshinos paradigm of new civil rights, we can see that while its goal of liberty is commendable, it is dependent on individuals that will give action which is impractical. We can in sum, then, the issue is finding an effective way to attention all citizens exercise their civil rights or will it be just a lost cause because we will remain ignorant of the issue. In Marc Maurers Creating Disability Rights Maurer said they themselves the disabled are the primary agents of change (Maurer 6).Maurer wanted to change the view of the judicial court about how the disabled are being discriminated and not being protected by the civil rights, but again like Yoshinos idea, Maurer needs the people to see the issue and act upon it which can cause people to ignore it. I myself didnt really give too much thought about these matters because I lack knowledge in these issues about civil rights. I suppose there is some degree of demand necessary in order to provoke or encourage a social change but because todays society is like water in that it always seems to take the path of least resistance.If there is every obstruction it will simply go around. Most people dont want their lives interrupted by pressing issues like gay or civil rights. They are viewed as obstructions. To maintain social flow, insistence for change by the struggling groups will be largely ignored and the norm of society will use assimilation as its justification vehicle, resulting in covering. In order to change, we must be willing to see the dark side of assimilation, and specifically covering, which is the most widespread form of assimilation required of us today. (Yoshino 480) This statement elaborates on the idea that change will occur when society is educated exuberant to realiz e the identity assassination that occurs with assimilation, and also be willing to realize it rather than ignore. Education, as it has in the past, will be the best way for social change to occur. Urging change will always encounter resistance, where education will cause improvement. In this way the modern school can summercater a positive role in advancing this complicated society of ours toward a future in which all kinds of people are both set and respected.

“A Scrap of Paper” by Studdert Kennedy and Geoffrey Anketell Just a little scrap of paper

The poem I chose is called A Scrap of Paper. I believe that this poem is iodine of the balls best and most interesting poems Ive ever read, and even though its short, it leaves a lot for the reader to judge about. The poem was compose around the time of the First World War, and that is what I think it is about a person who has received a letter saying that they have bemused a loved adept in war. Although the poem is short, there is not a lack of rhetorical devices. Imagery is common throughout the poem. In the premier line, the description of the little scrap of paper sets up a vivid mental image for the reader.This paper isnt overly valuable and not something that is important, thus far to the recipient family, it is the most priceless artifact. It is just a little scrap of paper which the reader can now see. When I read this I think of an older looking piece of paper that probably is crinkled. I think the word just adds to the imagery. The word just is similar to unless, w hich demeans value. Its only genius scrap of paper. In the second line, literal imagery is present in the description of the yellow envelope. This literal imagery leads into more nonliteral imagery.The reader of the poem now has some information to set up the setting of where and when they think the poem is being placed. For me, I see a bear with a lady standing on the front porch holding the envelope in one hand and the little scrap of paper in the other. The likeness of the envelope adds irony and contrast to the tone of the poem. The colour yellow is r arly affiliated with sadness, which is definitely present in this poem. Yellow is often seen as a colour that brings joy, happiness, energy and, many may even argue, hope. This is ironic because the contents within this yellow envelope is none of the above.These happy emotions associated with the colour yellow are polar opposites from what lies within the envelope. I think that this was done intentionally by the poets to disem bowel the sadness of the letter that much greater. The choice of the word scrap to take out the piece of paper was also a meaningful choice done by the poets. They could have used a different denotation, such as a piece of paper. Using the word scrap sets a harsher tone and shows that the conditions of where the letter is from (theoretically from where the war was taking place) are not in a veracious condition. The scrap piece of paper symbolizes loss of hope.When there is no scrap piece of paper the families are bottled up with hope that their loved one willing come home after the war. When the letter gets sent to the houses of loved ones, this hope is immediately lost as they will never see their loved one again. There are many rhetorical devices present in the poem A Scrap of Paper that help the reader enhance the underlying messages and meanings in the poem. There are also some sound devices used in the poem. The poem itself is a rhyming poem. It follows the pattern abcb. A c ommon trend in poems about war, death, and other tragedies seems to be rhyming.Rhymes can help to lighten the mood of the poem and add a nice rhythm to the piece. The couplet of actors line that create verbally are envelope and hope. There are two very distinct types of connections between these words which is seen in their own context. In the context of this poem, these words contrast each other. This envelope does not associate with hope, it is the opposite. In general context, envelopes can often bring hope to people. There is always an element of surprisal attached along with envelopes since one is often unsure of the contents within. The use of consonance is present in the quote scrap of paper.There is a repetition of the letter p. The use of the sound device consonance generally adds a harsh and dark tone. This tone goes along with the theme of war. In conclusion, the sound devices used in the poem A Scrap of Paper help to enhance the theme and meaning of the poem. The sayin g quality, not quantity is definitely applicable to this poem. The first time I read the poem over, I thought there was no way that this poem is exemplary to be one of the worlds best poems. After analyzing it more thoroughly, I realized my initial opinion was very wrong.I think thats what the poets were hoping the reader would think. The aloofness of a poem does not limit its depth and meaning and this was effectively proved while analyzing this poem. The simplicity and shortness also allows the reader to make their own assumptions. I think that this is a good quality for a poem to have. The definite results are not set in stone, so the reader can make their own connections with the poem. It is evident that every detail was considered while making this poem and thats why I believe it is one of the worlds best poems.

A Characters View, Drugstore Cowboy Essay

One page essay for Theater 19 acting class Due March 13 2012 By Charles (Chuck) Borges March 13th 530am This short essay is ab come to the fore a character reference in the film Drug stock Cowboy Bob. This is what I think his character is like, and whats going on in his life before this next scene. Bob is a ringleader or mastermind of an underdeveloped group of drug store robbing addicts who Procure their vices by stealing them from local pharmacies. Bob likes doing drugs. He likes the whole lifestyle.While in the proses of robbing these establishments, Bob gets a euphoric Sense of power. The adrenalin hastiness is like no other. He risks going to jail, and losing his Freedom to obtain that rush at any expense. As long as it doesnt come out of pocket. You see, Bob is a poor man Hes a hype that can shoot up enough dope to kill a horse. only that was then, and this is now. As he sits and ponders his mass confusion that he Called a life, in a small room, in some apartment complex, ra n by a person like himself.An X Junkie named Tom. To say the last six months have been easy on Bob would be a lie. Sobriety Is bitch his ass and Hes startle to feel bored and becoming restless at work. Not a good sign. The daily grind was starting to bore into Bob like a drill bit. The addiction was winning its way Back into his life and he knew it. Bobs life was divulge now. He has his boring job, boring apartment, boring life. But all in all, a respectable existence, surrounded by regular people with regular, Similar lives.But hes still feeling alone and thinking of the good times he used to have with a Certain somebody he shared his tawdry past with. Hes feeling melancholy about the way he left her, but knowing that deep in his heart , it was the best solution from a destructive path. But still he is wondering to himself , I wonder what ever happened to my buddy whos daughter died, and if they will ever find her body . Im thinking , hes wondering Is Diane alright?

Manager Resume Example Essay

ALBERT A. YAGUDAEVHome (718) 956-7299Cell (917) 865-4782Fluent in English & RussianCORE KNOWLEDGE AREASRisk ManagementFinance ManagementSt cropgic epitomeTeam BuildingProblem SolvingStatistical AnalysisCommercial BankingClient RelationsBudget ManagementReport ManagementGoal-OrientedCommunication Skills bail bond AssuranceDetail-OrientedDecision MakingTeam Building clip ManagementOrganization SkillsPROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCECalyon New York, NY 2005 PresentSenior Analyst working capital Markets / Global Funding DeskPrepares and presents consolidated entity level jeopardy reports for Senior Management including the Senior Executive of the Trading Desk.Provides consultation and advice regarding dynamic hedge strategies utilizing relate rate derivatives. Automates various workflows utilizing pass and Visual Basic.Identifies and quantifies all finds borne by the trading books.Reviews and analyzes calculations of risk parameters including sensitivities, volatilities, VaR, and reporti ng of total position risk. Runs scenario analyses and stress loss tests.Explores P&L and positional impacts of market movements.Quantifies portfolio size and stop-loss limits monitor and report on breaches.Guides traders on market risk, P&L, liquidity risk, and limit utilization.Analyzes the integrity and maintains the quality of the data feeds from various ball-shaped systems by establishing effective processes for timely VaR reporting for the Investment Bank. Optimizes the management framework.Produces ad-hoc reports and quantitative analysis for the Treasury/Global Funding Desk.HSBC Bank USA, New York, NY 2001-2005 sr. Risk Analyst Interest Rate Derivatives DeskVerified and analyzed daily Profit and Loss. Analyzed calculations of risk parameters including volatilities, stress testing and (VaR).Deconstructed and analyzed reports on quick-frozen Income and Interest Rate Derivatives.Measured and analyzed credit exposures and various elements of risk.Provided financial reports t o Head Office and Senior Management.Reorganized the use of proprietary comparative databases, obscure spreadsheets, and concomitant macros to streamline corporate business operations.Tested and implemented the VaR model (Taylor-Series).Ensured levels of risk were consistent with limits established by management.Continuepage 1 of 2ALBERT YAGUDAEV Page TwoIntegrated Leasing, Melville, NY 2001ConsultantSuccessfully streamlined corporate business operations through the utilization of spreadsheets and macros.Developed and maintained relational databases for product centers.Natexis Banque Populaires, New York, NY 1999 2000Treasury Risk Manager Fixed Income and Interest Rate Derivatives DeskPerformed VaR analysis using RiskMetrics. Analyzed the results of Monte Carlo simulations and historical Time Series risk measurementResponsible for defining departments market risk measurement methodologies, including statistical measures, stress testing, monitoring overall positions and sa ddle horse limits to govern exposureResearched simulation models for incorporation into firms risk systemsManaged P&L risk on both an intra-day and end-of-day basis, specifically monitoring risk exposureAmbac Capital Corp., New York, NY 1997-1999Risk Analyst Fixed Income Desk in Asset/Liability ManagementPrepared detailed mark-to-market risk analysis of a $10.5 billion asset and liability portfolio for Securities including GICs, CMOs, Corporates, ABS, Municipals and Treasuries.Analyzed and recommended appropriate hedges with respect to interest rate exposure for duration, convexity, and time value utilizing options, futures and other derivative products.Measured portfolio risk utilizing dollar and effective duration, convexity, key rate duration, volatility, prepayments, and basis between Treasury, Libor and AAA Corporate yields.Maintained, reviewed and updated model assumptions for measuring sensitivity of the GIC portfolio to market value fluctuations and changes in interest ra tes.J & W Seligman & Co., New York, NY 1995-1997Business AnalystConducted quantitative and statistical analysis for the Fixed Income Analytical Team.Reviewed and analyzed trends in the bond market, interest rates, and yields. efficaciously prepared and presented detailed reports to Senior Management describing the firms current risk status.Salomon Smith Barney Inc., New York, NY 1994-1995Associate AnalystEvaluated department financial further through the compilation and manipulation of data utilized in daily reports.Significantly reduced the capital charge imposed by the SEC on aged items from $159 million to $13.3 million.Successfully managed the $83.2 million Smith Barney commission account for proper allocation.TECHNICAL SKILLSBloomberg Bloomberg Trader Workstation Reuters 3000Calypso RiskWatch RiskMetrics, Summit, KondorMicrosoft Office Suite (Word, Advanced Excel w/ VBA & Functions, Access)EDUCATIONSt. Johns University College of Business Administration, Queens, NYB achelor of Science in Finance, (date)Associates in Computer Science, (date)

High School Dropouts Reflection Essay

I deliberate the dropout rate is so senior high because, as stated in the article High School Dropouts Costly to American Economy, the teachers dont care, the students dont care. I cerebrate that lack of interest on both the students and the teachers discontinue impacts whether a student might drop out. I also believe that factors like, problems at home, bullying at rail, etc., also plays an enormous role on the results stated in the articles. Knowing that one of the main reasons of having a job includes, earning money, it leads me to assume that those who drop out do non want to earn less, or be among the 12% of jobless individuals that do not have a high school diploma. Furthermore, I believe that it is evident that a high number or drop outs implies that there are in-chief(postnominal) factors female genital organ what causes an individual to decide to drop out of high school.Looking at the statistics that dropouts cost taxpayers $8 jillion annually, and $300 billion doll ars in earnings are lost e genuinely year due to the reduce in pay of those who do not have a high school diploma, has led me to believe that our state/federal government should eliminate the option of dropping out of high school. It makes no signified that they have not done so, juting that they have the right, and it is at heart their power and right to do so.Also, after seeing the statistic that the incarceration rates were 63 times higher among high school drop outs within the ages of 16 and 24, and in an effort to solve two problems the number of kids that drop out of high school and kids who are behind bars, I believe there should be a greater effort to strive mass awareness about the negative effects of dropping out of high school early, the alike(p) magnitude as the programs and advertisements on breast cancer, and the effects of smoking cigarettes. This plan, although costly, would in turn decrease the quantity of high school dropouts, people behind bars, and jobless individuals in this nation.Presidential Election ReflectionI believe that out of the five factors listed in the article, the delves are the most central. I believe the debates are important because it allows you to look at each candidate side by side and hear not wholly their plan on how they plan on turning the economy around, creating jobs, and leading this country on a path that will allow us to decrease this nations debt but also to see each candidates tactics on using the opposing opponent words or ideas to bash/ or blatantly state why they are wrong. I also believe it is important because you get to actually hear their own words and beliefs, unrehearsed, without a teleprompter, and without being warped in the enlivened of telephone by social media and propaganda.I think that the presidential debates are more important than the electoral map, because the electoral map for the most break-dance generally stays the same and predictable. The ads and messages used to attack th e other candidate, or twist the words of another candidate in my opinion are effective, but precise childish, immature, and not anything I would imagine a president taking a part of. Propaganda is a very effective way of spreading a message, and getting everyones attention, so its also important, although not in the same way as the debates are.In my opinion, money is the second most important part of the presidential race. The amount of money a party raises, shows how much they are supported. In the article, it states that the Republican ships company presidential committees had about $186 million on hand, compared with about $124 million for Mr. Obama and the Democrats. This shows how both each candidate is supported.I actually have watched one of the debates, as an extra credit assignment for U.S History, and I thought that the debate was interesting, and I liked how the debate was set up.

Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay

The four elements of financial management ar planning, controlling, organizing and directing, and purpose making. These four elements will be defined and explained in this paper. Also emphasized will be the evaluate story principles and the general financial good standards. Examples of ethical standards of conduct and financial reporting practices will be explored and notated in this paper as well. All of these points are important in the accounting practice of wellness care management to help the transcriptions run smoothly and to be financially stable.Four Elements of Financial guidancePlanning lets a health care arrangement set goals and guidelines to make sure their office is a success and that all accomplishments are met. Controlling is ensuring that all areas within the healthcare organization are by-line goals and guidelines set and gives the organization the opportunity to prepare for some(prenominal) issues that may arise. Organizing and directing ensures that the health care organization is working to its potential and allows them to work on a day to day basis and fix any issues that may be looming. Lastly, decision making works off all of the other elements (planning, controlling, organizing and directing) by store information and making the final decisions on how the financial management will work.General Accepted account PrinciplesThe common set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to compile their financial statements. GAAP are a faction of authoritative standards (set by policy boards) and simply the commonly accepted ways of recording and reporting accounting information (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles , n.d.). Even with GAAP being a set ofstandards, there are still companies that will finagle numbers on their financial statements, so their financial statements will withstand to be scrutinized tremendously.General Financial Ethical StandardsEthical standards are determined largely by skipp er accounting and finance organizations and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. puny-business owners who plan to perform their own accounting services or hire accountants should be aware of accounting principles and general financial ethical standards so they can oblige a positive reputation for their businesses (Morley, n.d.). Competence is one of the ethical standards that is key for a financial officeholder to affect in an organization. Financial managers should follow the GAAP and check up to date with its guidelines. They should also uphold honesty and integrity.Examples of Ethical Standards of ConductEthical standards of conduct is a set of standards that each company sets for themselves. on that point is no consistent standards of conduct for a business, but they must include, promoting values, trust, good behavior, fairness, and kindness. They are not soft enforceable and are always open to interpretation. For example, men and women should be accomplished equall y or treat the patient with respect. nightingale Home Healthcare code of morals are direct and descriptive. Some of their ethical standards of conduct are listed as all business conduct should be well above the tokenish standards required by the jurisprudence, each employee is responsible for the consequences of his or her actions, each employee must be the guardian of Nightingales ethics, leaders at Nightingale have extra responsibility of setting an example by their personal performance and an attitude that conveys Nightingales ethical values, our first responsibility is to the patient and patients families that we pop the question our services (Corporate favorable Responsibility-Code of Ethics , n.d.). There are numerous points of their code of ethics but they help oneself a purpose and that purpose to make sure their company is ran efficiently and respectfully.Financial Reporting PracticesA distinguishing characteristic of high performance organizations is a strong interna l control structure-controls that ensure patient care, conformation with regulations, internal efficiencies, and financial reporting. It is controls on financial reporting that are receiving a great deal of tending under a new law, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Public companies are now required by law to document controls over financial reporting, in order to fully address exposures and the effectiveness of current controls. though many healthcare organizations are not directly affected by the law, regulatory agencies could follow cause and require similar compliance. In fact, several states have introduced bills that require nonprofit organizations to adhere to portions of the act. This article provides a guide for organizations desiring to stay ahead of the curve (Godwin & Mueller, 2005).SignificanceThe significance of these examples are that there are ethics that need to be followed within any organization but in a healthcare organization it is extremely important because you handle patients and to ensure the comfort of these patients, a code of ethics need to be enforced for the organization. It is also important to ensure that financial reporting is done, so all finances stay up to date on a legal manner. It helps to show revenue, liability, and expenses and helps control the business effectively.ReferencesCorporate Social Responsibility-Code of Ethics . (n.d.). Retrieved from Nightingale HomeHealthcare http//www.homecareforyou.com/about/code.htmlGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles . (n.d.). Retrieved from Investopedia http//www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gaap.aspGodwin, N., & Mueller, J. (2005). Fiancial Reporting Practices A Comprehensive Evaluation.School of Accountancy, Auburn University.Morley, M. (n.d.). Accounting Principles and General Financial Ethical Standards . Retrievedfrom Small Business Chronicle http//smallbusiness.chron.com/accounting-principles-general-financial-ethical-standards-36283.html

Project Management Recommendation Essay

In response it is to your previous E-mail with the attention of the objects of Juniper, Palomino and lotus-eater. The team up is be and analyzed the three working classs, assessed the risk that each consider contains as well as returns on investiture (ROI). There are many aspects one should think over when performing an investment decision. These may take on the hypothesis of underlying the potential benefits and the ability to calculate and quantify the costs and benefits. However, the team concluded stargazer Project in the best option comparing to other two childbeds. The logic behind for not selecting the other two throw offs is that junipers risk of completion of the take care on time is low. sequence is Palomino not valued at with the medium risk of completion and the uncertainty of the costs of the products. The procedure utilize for reaching the decision was by utilizing the feasibility study. In addition to that, the feasibility study was based on the informati on observed the team during the initial stage of the device. This will define and summarize the findings of these projects in a way that supports sound decision making.The reason of introducing the feasibility study is to provide true analysis for the project that will make sense to the company in general. Furthermore, it will answer several important questions concerning of the project these may include length of the project, benefits and risks and Return on investment (ROI) to Piper Industries. Introducing the feasibility study for two Juniper and Palomino projects, sensibles introduced would not present as with the Stargazer model. Although is Stargazer carries the highest risk comparing the other projects. The team believes bases on the analysis that it provides accommodation for the project to perform high-risk, high- reward. After the actual risk of the project has been acknowledged, the project team estimates the risk based on the probability that may likelyhappen, and th e possible loss cerebrate with the project.To mitigate the risk the team will search an alternative to reduce the operating costs as its forecasted the derivative product will cost more. The fundamental decision of the big- picture is what mix of projects is best for the organization. A company must have the right mix of the projects that extremely assists the companys strategy. This can be aligned Stargazer model because of the research and the development previously started for the new widgets as well the satisfying changes that will provide modern markets. (Jacobs & Chase, 2011).Break- Even AnalysisBreak even analysis helps to provide reliable information between sales and profits as well as the costs. It also contributes an analysis the do of success of the project must achieve. Finally, the approach presents to organizations a benchmark to compare a process or a project to what level of operating leverage will create better profits. However, comparing the projects Stargazer is the most likely project that will create the highest revenue. (Jacobs & Chase, 2011)The five builds of project planningA project is a set of activities that normally coordinate toward some major output and planned considerable item of time to carry out. In the meantime, project management is described as planning, directing, and controlling resources, which are the people, equipment and the material in monastic order to meet the technical, cost and the limitations of the project. (Jacobs & Chase, 2011), There are five distinctive phases in project management that imply the stargazer model. First-Phase is the Project Conception and Initiation. The focal point of this phase is to secure the project that it is demonstrated into practical and will benefit the Piper Industries Corp. Second phase is project definition and planning. During this phase, the terminus of the project will require an outline so the work which has to be performed is attainable. These may include activitie s that regularize budgets and timelines. Furthermore, planning incorporates the creation of clear and precise objectives defines the workactivities that have to be done in order achieve the planned objective. The purpose may necessitate the achievement of a condition that varies from the present one. 3rd Phase is the project execution. In this phase, the team must start executing the project against their assigned responsibilities. This phase is where every team member will start the task. It will coordinate the team and the resource to carry through the different tasks of the project. Fourth Phase is the project controlling and Monitoring. In this phase of controlling the project tutor must start monitoring the situation closely in order to make sure that the tasks are moving as it is planned. There are several ways to control the project this may touch on a check ins with team and more official weekly meeting, together with organized daily refuse -ups are considered productiv e. (Jacobs & Chase, 2011)Project closewhen all the tasks of the project are approved the firm. The project is officially closed. The carriage of the project must organize all the necessary information for future reference. Key DeliverablesThe Stargazer project is based on the content in order to meet clear deliverable in a matter for the firm to be successful and to consider the project beneficial. Researching and developing new widget and delivering such(prenominal) an innovative product to the market will help in the long-term strategy.ReferencesChase, R. (2011). Operations and supply range of mountains management (13th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw Hill Irwin .. Jacobs, F. R., & Chase, R. (2011). Operations and supply management (13th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill Irwin Project Management testimony Email Multimedia. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, OPS/571 Operations Management website.

King Lear’s Foolishness Essay

tycoon Lear is a metaphorical tale of an ailing mans journey through hell in order to forgive his sins. Lears unmagazinely, sinful surrender of his throne results in a chain reaction of events that send him through a treacherous journey. It is a tale that graphically describes the consequences of one mans foolish decisions decisions that greatly shift his life and the lives of those around him. Lear suffers terribly, as a result of ignorantly dividing his kingdom among his first daughters, Goneril and Regan. By the time he realizes his daughters tyrannical nature, it is too late, and they support already begun their plot to kill him. Amidst his increasing insanity however, Lear does commence a wiser man, as he finally receives the ability to see peoples true faces, some topic he from which he had been screen doored from for so long.Lear was foolish in many ways, and was viewed that way by many opposite people. His most foolish move was questioning the love of his three daught ers, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. He created a contest which would reenforcement the largest third of the kingdom to the daughter whom loved him the most, Tell me, my daughters (since now we will divest us both of rule, Interest of territory, cares of state), Which of you shall we say doth love us most? That we our largest bounty may extend where nature doth with sexual morality challenge. (I, i, 47-53) He planned to divide the kingdom among the three to prevent strife, not realizing that it was an invitation to civil war instead. He asked his daughters to tell him how much they loved him in public. afterwards Goneril and Regan flattered him with lies, Lear gave them third and second prize.When Cordelia, whom the largest piece of the kingdom was uncommunicative for, refused to play the same flattery game as her sisters had done, Lears rage exploded. Cordelia could have easily give care her sisters, however she did not care to be rewarded with land and riches under false pretenc es. Lear, being blind to this, dis haveed Cordelia and banned her from her homeland. Foolishly, Lear also banished his only loyal follower, Kent, for sticking up for Cordelia, To plainness honours bound(p) when majesty fails to folly. Reserve thy state and in thy best consideration check this hideous rashness.(II, i, 36-42) Assuming beau ideals duty was Lears primary downfall.He was King of England because God had put him there, and it was Gods decision as to when he should be dismissed. Lear, however, put hisfate into his own hands, and attempted to pass on the kingdom himself. It can around be said that Lears worthless was Gods penalise upon a man who refused the gift of supremacy. Even Lears fool, who many consider to be Lears own conscience, tells him that he has been foolish in his decision makingFool Though wouldst make a nifty fool.Lear To take it again perforce MonsterIngratitudeFool If thou wert my fool, nuncle, Id haveThee beaten for being senile before thy time.Lea r Hows that?Fool Thou shouldst not have been old tillThou hadst been wise. (I, iv, 267-273)Immediately after Lear divides the kingdom in half among his devil tyrannical daughters, Goneril and Regan assay revenge upon Lear, and begin to plot his death.Lear is incredibly ignorant, and honestly believes Goneril and Regans claim that they truly love him. tout ensemble when it is too late, does he realize that the only daughter who does in fact love him, he did outcast. After Goneril only conquers Lear fifty of his hundred servants and soldiers to spend the night, Lear questions her actions, and in doing so questions her true love for him. Insulted, he goes to Regan, thinking that she will be kinder to him, however Regan acts much harsher than Goneril, and only allows him twenty-five followers for the night. Upon seeing this, Lear angrily realizes that his two eldest daughters are wicked and do not love him at all.As king, it canalmost be said that Lear was sheltered, as he never h ad to deal with problems himself, however now that he is solely seen a peasant, Lear no longer has the luxury of people making his decisions for him. He blindly draws the conclusion that though it probably isnt much, Goneril must love him twice as much as Regan, if she will allow him twice as many followers, Thy fifty yet doth double five-and-twenty, and thou art twice her love. (II, iv, 291-292).As the play progresses so does Lears madness. After returning to Gonerils and being locked out, Lear sets out for Dover with the fool. nonetheless as Lear becomes more insane, and his madness increases, he receives the vision that he had been blinded from before. Upon encountering Edgar, as Poor Tom, Lear becomes completely mad. Heres three ons are sophisticated Thou are the thing itself unaccommodated man is no more but such a poor, are forked animal as thou art. Off, off, your lendings. (III, iv, 109-112) Many misinterpret this moving picture as Lears final surrender to madness, however this scene is possibly where Lear becomes most sane.Lear realizes that sophistication is dressing up nicely to give the impression of being something you unfeignedly are not. He sees Edgar in his plain clothes and starts to rip his own clothes off to vex away from the trickery and the falsehood of the world, as he sees Poor Tom has done. His daughters dressed up their talking to with lies to get what they wanted and Lear realizes that without clothes you cannot distinguish the difference between a king and a beggar. King Lears vision is no longer hampered at the peak of his madness because although he is mad, the words he speaks make sense and have truth to themLear They flattered me like a dog, and toldMe I had white hairs in my rim ere theBlack ones were there. To say ay and noTo everything that I said Ay and no wasNo good divinity. When the rain came to sloppedMe once, and the wind to make me chatterWhen the thunder would not peace at myBidding there I found em, there I sme lt emOut. Go to, the are not men otheir wordsThey told me I was everything. Tis a like-IAm not ague proof. (IV, vi, 112-120)All of the disorder that Lear suffers can be traced back to the single most important error that he made. Lear chose to give up his throne. Out of pain and anger, Lear banished Cordelia, and split the kingdom into two halves, divided among Goneril and Regan. This one sin bears massive repercussions upon Lear, and the lives of those around him, eventually kill almost all of those involved. Lear does not realize the mistake that he has made, until he suffers the banishment of his two eldest daughters. The fall of Lear is not just the suffering of one man but the suffering of everyone down the chain. Gloucester loses his status and eyes, Cordelia and Kent banished, and Albany realizes his wifes true heart. Everything that happened to these characters is affected by Lears ultimate decision. If Lear had not banished Cordelia and Kent thus the two sisters would n ot be able to plot against their father. Lear cannot see the true faces of people, and this is his tragic flaw. The pain and suffering endured by King Lear eventually tears down his strength and sanity, and leads to his ultimate demise, death.

Middle Eastern Views of Mental Illness

There argon many countries that are considered to be countries of the Middle eastside. Some of these include Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Yemen, and Isreal, just to name a few. Many of these countries accommodate things in common, such as belief in Islam, use of the Arabic spoken communication, connections through the Arab League, historical ties, etc. The different countries pull in a chain of countries that are linked by socialisation and devotion on the one pop off and yet vary greatly in terms of dialect and history on the early(a).The Arabic language is a large common denominator between these countries however, dialects can be so different from each different to a point where a person from Syria can hardly communicate with a person from Algeria. (1) most(prenominal) landscape in the Middle East is either occupied by harsh desert conditions or mountains. This has made its people precise tough in terms of living conditions. Lebanon, parts of Syria, Turkey, Iran and Iraq have rough areas while most of the other countries are flat and extremely arid.Those living in the desert traditionally used to move around in a perennial search for water, which closureed in unique alimentation behaviors and homes. A typical Arab house in the desert is built out of mud and has little furniture. The sustenance is basic with little processing. However, in the mountains of Lebanon, Syria or Turkey one will encounter strong homes with cogent stones and arches that can last for generations. In addition, food in these areas is usually produced during summer prison term and stored in cellars for use when spirit does not allow them to go out and work their snow covered fields. 1) Religions play a macroscopical role in the dynamics of the Middle Eastern hunting lodge. They are considered to be one of the main pillars of the society and individuals are stereotyped based on religion. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity are the main religions institutionalized in the middle-eas t and people who practice these faiths only surround themselves with people of the same faith. Daily life is practiced on the basis of ones religion and others are expected to respect that.1) The present day Middle East is a mixture of very old cultures and very young nations that were organized by European colonial powers after the defeat of the interchange Powers which led to the end of World War One and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The culture of the Middle East is thus understood only by learning about the history of the region and the forces that have influenced the ontogeny and demise of controlling powers. Since World War One, colonial countries such as France, Great Britain, and The United States have ignificantly influenced the Middle East. (1) Keeping in mind this very generalized description of the Middle Eastern culture we can now begin to look at the beliefs in terms of mental illness. In my look into it is safe to say that most all sound judgments by middle easterne rs are based off of their spiritual beliefs. According to the SRA (Stigma Research and Action) people from non-Western cultures tend to attribute the cause of mental illness more frequently to the afflicted individual.It is possible that discrimination against the mentally ill differs in an Islamic culture where mental illnesses and other ailments are, to any(prenominal) extent, considered to be due to the will of God, rather than evil forces, bad behavior, or other in person devaluating factors. According to the holy Koran, people with a mental disorder should be treated with respect, and this capability result in a less stigmatizing attitude.Such a perception of causality would also reasonably apply to the individual, and might be a factor that reduces self-blame. One must bear ones predicament and check for the mercy of God A study was done by SRA researchers and participants were asked a series of open-ended questions. Responses indicated feelings of alienation, overlap st ereotypes about the mentally ill, experiences of discrimination, social withdrawal, and resistance to being stigmatized and discriminated against.For example, responses included Yes, they discriminate against us They dont count on us Our society has no capacity for us I mean there is no cultural understanding in our society They ridicule, insult and harm us I worry they could understand that psychiatric patients are like other patients, like patients with cancer or cardiac disease and that they can live their lives.A recurring theme was the idea of the mentally ill as dangerous and self-assertive They all believe a mentally ill patient is a natural born grampus and thats why I try to keep myself to myself and not even claim what Im entitled to When the police came they were acting as if I was a criminal, but they ought to know that Im a patient, not a criminal. (2) The International Journal of Mental health Systems has thoroughly researched the country of Iraq in terms of their views on Mental illness.According to their research public attitudes towards mental illness in Iraq has shown that community opinion about the aetiology of mental illness is broadly compatible with scientific evidence, but understanding of the reputation of mental illness, its implications for social participation and management delays negative in general. (3) As nurses we have to remain unbiased, and educational towards our patients and their families.When faced with a patient with a mental illness whom is Middle eastern we bespeak to stay mindful of the fact that they probably believe that they were afflicted by their God in some way, or in some way they deserved to be born with this illness. We need to simply develop them on the importance of medication Therapy and safety. We should treat all of our patients the same no matter what their cultural beliefs are and we should always treat each patient with respect.Active take heeding is an important skill to master as a nurse wi th all patients but with Middle Eastern patients especially it is a sign of respect to listen to them first, and allow them to finish completely prior to speaking. Giving this level of respect to all patients all the time will ensure that as nurses we never offend, and that we give the best quality care.