Biochemistry - Cystic Fibrosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biochemistry - Cystic Fibrosis - Essay Example In some cases, the CFTR protein is prevented entirely to take place at all and in some cases, CFTR protein does produce and get its way into the cell membrane but cannot operate properly. One way of treatment method is to supply a different class of chloride channel to compensate for the loss of the CFTR chloride channel. Gene therapy could be a better solution in future in which a normal copy of the CFTR gene to the cells is delivered. In this way, direct synthesis of the normal CFTR protein will be possible to treat the biochemical abnormality leading to cystic fibrosis. Introducing healthy gene will take over all functions of the CFTR protein that are necessary including those which are yet not known. And the best way of gene therapy is to exploit the ability of viruses bringing their DNA to enter into cells. Adenoviruses are suitable for this purpose due to their natural tendency to infect human

Study Notes for Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example for Free

Study Notes for Midsummer Nights Dream Essay The scene in Act V clearly echoes Shakespeare’s idea of love, presented in multiple parts of the play. Perhaps the greatest example of the dream-like qualities of love emerges in the awakening of Titania to Bottom, with whom she immediately falls in love. For Titania, real life becomes a dream. Upon first observing Bottom, even in his transformed shape, she exclaims, â€Å"Mine ear is much enamoured of thy note; / So is mine eye enthralled to thy shape; And thy fair virtue’s force perforce doth move me / On the first view to say, to swear, I love thee† (3. . 122-125). Titania’s language emerges as flowing and poetic; she ends in a sing-song rhyming couplet, supplicating her lover. Shakespeare emphasizes the poetic qualities of the language of love; he additionally exaggerates the dream-like nature of love in Titania’s awakening and immediate falling in love. Even Bottom initially doubts her instantaneous love, but eventually admits that â€Å"reason and love keep little company together nowadays† (3. 1. 127-128). Bottom upholds that reason and love cannot exist together. Theseus’ world of reason and facts cannot coexist with the dreamlike and poetic world of love in the woods. Indeed, his love life emerges as entirely devoid of any of the truly romantic or dreamy qualities of love. Throughout the play, Shakespeare portrays how the experience of love often seems like a dreamlike experience and cannot be proven, as Theseus would like, with facts and rational arguments. For instance, the relationship between Hermia and Lysander seems quite romantic at the beginning of the play, as the young lovers escape to the woods to elope in secret. Likewise, at the end of the play, even the newly formed relationship between Helena and Demetrius closely parallels the ideals of romantic love. The setting is one way in which Shakespeare created the dream-like setting, both the time and the place setting. Night is when most people sleep and therefore, when most people dream. By setting the play to occur mostly during the night, it is easy for the audience to relate to the ephemeral quality. By putting most of the action in the forest, where there is much mystery because of the darkness and because of unseen creatures living there, Shakespeare further emphasizes the mystical quality. The characters are another way Shakespeare gives the play a dream-like nature. The fairy-folk characters of Oberon, Titania, Puck, and all the others give the play this quality. These creatures arent real, but many people of Shakespeares day would have been unsure about whether or not fairies existed. This doubt combined with the magic that the fairies can perform give the play a dream-like effect. Finally, the action of the play itself gives the play the effect. Another powerful image is the unnatural affection between Titania and Bottom. Whereas Titania is graceful and royal, Bottom is earthly and deformed. Working within this harmony versus disharmony is the use of contrast. The character, Bottom, is very useful because he illustrates a very central dichotomy in the play—what is true and what is thought true. Bottom considers himself an eloquent speaker and talented actor worthy to play every part in the play when, in reality, he often uses completely wrong words and conflicting statements. And when Robin transforms him and the spell causes Titania to fall in love with him, Bottom believes he is simply reaping the good fortune due him. He remains completely unaware of his true self. Although the tensions arise most poignantly among the lovers, it is Bottom who emerges from the dream state with the desire to learn from his unconscious moment and the ability to see the mingling of the dream versus reality. Love and dreams both become foggy, unclear, passionate states in which the individuals involved become delusional victims. The title emphasizes the importance of each of the characters dream, and highlights the irrational, impersonal and under valued qualities of love. Like dreams, love is foolish, crazy and driven by desires. Shakespeare highlights the absurdity of love by showing the dispensable and interchangeable emotions within the dreams. The male characters claim each love as being the greatest love, yet their shallow and conventional words show the true nature of the en. Dreams and love have a reoccurring way of mimicking and repeating conventions. Despite the trite words, betrayals and heartache within the dreams, not all of the characters within the play change or learn upon awakening. In fact, some of the characters seem unchanged by their dreams, such as Hermia and Helena, who remain blind to the pain their lovers had bestowed, while Lysander once again directs his affection toward Hermia as though it had never faltered. Then, Demetrius is seemingly changed for the better as though he remained dreaming. Prior to falling asleep, Demetrius seemed concerned only in himself, disregarding the wants of the woman he claimed to love. Rather than letting her marry a man whom she loved in return, he set out to force her to unwillingly marry him. However, when dreaming, Demetrius finds himself under the enchantment of the love juice and in love with Helena. Upon awakening, he remains true to the person he had become in the dream, restoring order in reality by marrying Helena and allowing Lysander and Hermia to be together.

Portrayals and Presentation of Cancer in Cinema

Portrayals and Presentation of Cancer in Cinema INTRODUCTION Through years, many movies have been released for public viewing regarding cancers of all types. Depictions might include the nature of cancers, patients’ response, care-givers’ response, and the clinical outcomes. Since movies may affect thoughts of the viewers, outcomes in movies may affect decision making of the patient or caregiver and may affect care-seeking behavior, the way they react to the situation and their compliance to treatment. At present, films featuring cancer patients are no longer a rare scenario, as stated in a press release at the ESMO 2012 Congress of the European Society for Medical Oncology. Many cancer movies were released for viewing, however, the portrayal of the patient’s chances of survival are rarely accurate. In 82 movies that focused on cancer patients, Dr Luciano De Fiorre et al, found that descriptions on cancer experience in the films were not reflective of cancer in its scientific meaning. In the Philippines, there are only few movies that feature a person/persons with cancer. And in most of the Filipino movies that depict cancer, cancer patients are diagnosed late and hospitalization with other therapeutic modalities are not clearly seen. Cancer patients experiences described in the movie were so different from the truth. Davaoenos, like most Filipinos, see that cancer is always worse in the movies. The illness is usually depicted as death sentence. To our knowledge, no previous descriptive reviews of movies about cancers in children, adolescents, and young adults have been documented, hence this research. Review of Related Literature Medical portrayals in the media, including depictions of clinical outcomes, may impact public perceptions and health decision-making. Media greatly affects people’s behavior toward a certain event and the said response varies in each individual, depending on how they perceive or understand. What we see affects what we think, and thoughts may become action. We act upon what we see thru imitation (Koordeman et al 2011) Both market research and anecdotal case reports have long claimed that the general public learn and form reactions regarding health conditions based on what is seen on television (Eisenman et al., 2005) (Tayal, 2003). Increasingly, media has not only been an entertainment tool, but has been applied deliberately as a health educational source, as â€Å"entertainment education† in different countries (Hether H.J et al, December 2008.) Some people do not only rely to medical professionals regarding their health. According to one study, (Kowalczyk et al, 2012)o lder generations greatly depend on internet in gaining information about cancer, hence it must be ensured that they are gaining information from a reliable source. Cinema had also been used for medical-educational purposes (Akram et al, 2009). More recently, entertainment education has been attempted on the topic of cancer as well, for instance promoting breast cancer awareness in adults. The extent and nature of depictions of cancers in children, adolescents and young adults, however, remain less clear. Negative perceptions result from negative portrayals and negative outcomes. In one research, it was noted that there had already been lots of motion pictures with negative portrayals of the medical profession (Thibodeau et al, 2007). In another research with 131movies as sample size, it was pointed out that physicians were portrayed negatively in 44% of movies and that 27% of the sample size had medical inaccuracies. (Flores et al, 2002). There may be a wide disparity between public perceptions and scientific findings. This usually happens when we are convinced by what we saw or hear on the news and not relying on the scientifically documented events. Movies like â€Å"Erin Brokovich† let the people think that cancer in New Jersey and Long Island, New York trigger the cancer clusters (Robinson D,2002). In reality, it is not only the purely environmental exposures that may lead to cancer. After carefully studying 82 movies that centre on a person with cancer, Dr Luciano De Fiore et al, found experiences pertaining to cancer as described in the films were not reflective of the truth. In the movies the researchers studied, 40 characters with cancer were women, and 35 men. In 21 films the type of cancer was not mentioned. Symptoms were considered in 72% of the movies, while diagnostic tests were mentioned in 65%. The most frequent treatment mentioned in the movies was chemotherapy followed by pain-relief. Death occurred in 63% of all movies). Doctors and nurses turned up in 58 films (77%). (De Fiore, 2012) If we are exposed to wrong information, we will be living in wrong direction. If cancer patients in movies die without a fight, diagnosed cancer patients may also choose to die without a fight. It is the government’s role to protect the viewers from what they see. Some research had already pointed good representations about cancer in movies. Some movies are informative and the role of medical research in overcoming the disease is already highlighted ( Lederer SE,2007). A positive outlook about cancer is very possible if people will see realistic portrayals in movies. Movies especially those containing health issues will give hope if those will not only show death and hopelessness of cure. At present, there are movies with scenes pertaining to health and death issues which contain inappropriate portrayals although it is worth mentioning that some movies remind audiences that not all scenes are based on real events but are reflective of the writer’s view. In a bigger perspective, it is not only cancer prevention consciousness is the major barrier in fighting against cancer. Poor language skills, low income and low education are contributory barriers (Loughridge, 2012). There must be a collaborative effort in our fight against cancer. Cancer patients, medical practitioners, health allies and the government must move to destroy against these barriers. In a press conference made during World Cancer Day, it was pointed out by Dr Lucio Lecciones that leukemia accounts 40-60% of cancer among patients in the Philippine setting. And that in Philippine Medical Center Hospital alone, the case rate is increasing by 30% annually. Deaths from leukemia accounts greater than the number of dengue shock syndrome, sepsis and prematurity combined. It was also stated that 70% of the newly diagnosed childhood cancer cases in the country were recognized in the late stages of the disease. Diagnosis was made when the cancer is no longer curable , even with the use of the most aggressive and expensive treatment. Socioeconomic status is also a great contributory factor to the abandonment to treatment. High cost of diagnostics and treatment affects survival rate and there is barely 2 in ten children surviving cancer. (Jet Villa, 2014) The Department of Health is active in the campaign for the fight against cancer. Educating people not only on how to prevent cancer, but also, how to survive it. Most doctors encourage prevention, as the saying goes â€Å"An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure- Benjamin Franklin. Cancer cases were increasing in number. There were more than 82, 000 new cancer cases, affecting both males and females in 2010 in a census from the Department of Health, Philippines. With the increasing trend in cases, it is estimated to reach 85, 000 new cases annually. According to Dr Ona, the number of cases is expected to double within the next decade. Cancer ranks third as the leading cause of death in the Philippines, according to PSMO president Felycette Gay Lapus. The risk factors in developing cancer include smoking, viral infections, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol and radiation. With the great number of people affected, vigilance to its warning signs, a healthy lifestyle and early treatment will shield the people against the disease. How can we expect cancer patients submitting themselves to doctors if most of the cancer movies show no hope for cure, portrayals of non compliance to treatment and death immediately after diagnosis. How can we expect people to gain true information when media has its own flaws in its portrayals. Much freedom is given for entertainment but not much is given to qualify information. Even if we have the most potent medicine or cure for patients, if we are directed by misleading information, science will still fail. In the end, it is not the therapy that will have a great influence to people but it us how they help themselves not to be victims of misleading information. There are only few movies that contribute or portray facts about cancer and even other health issues. With its double edge sword, vigilance to its content can prevent future deaths and maladies. Research Questions 1.What are the most common movie depictions of cancer in childhood, adolescents, and young adults? Are the depictions relevant and/or appropriately show the true nature of cancer- regarding its detection, treatment and outcomes? Do movies show the common symptoms of cancer? 2.Do movies discuss the care-givers’ and patients’ options to treatment? Do movies promote hospitalization among cancer patients? 3.What are the most common outcomes of cancer as depicted on movies? 4.What are the patients’ and caregivers’ response or coping mechanisms in dealing about cancer? 5.How do movies portray cancer in children, adolescents and young adults (AYA), including outcomes? Significance of the Study In our fight for cancer, we need to address problems about economy, problems arising from bad health habits and addressing the country’s education. Media is a double-edged sword promoting entertainment to people and depicting pictures which can be perceived as facts. Media can be merely entertaining or may be source of information. These informations may twist a myth into a fact, and wrong decisions may be produced. This study aims to explore movie depictions in children, adolescents and young adults through a review of cancer movies for the last twenty five years. Media becoming an entertainment-educational tool portrays a role in information dissemination thus may help in prediction of viewer’s attitudes towards cancer. This is an exploratory study of movies which aims to describe cancer depictions and portrayals. Our result will guide future research to better understand movies, including their effect on viewing public. Furthermore, this research specifically describes movies depictions as how they may affect viewers who are themselves patients and caregivers. Accurate result of this study will provide awareness to medical practitioners of the dismal movie depictions which will guide them on how to correct each. It will also help them understand why patients have feeling of fear and opted not to be treated medically. Practitioners may educate the public by showing the data in the hospitals Hospital administrators will be able to identify the dismal portrayals of cancer and promote scientifically based scenario thru health programs and by disseminating information thru all forms of media. It will also serve as an important tool in their advocacy in the fight of cancer. If we are exposed to wrong information, we will be living in wrong direction. If cancer patients in movies die without a fight, diagnosed cancer patients may also choose to die without a fight. It is the government’s role to protect the viewers from what they see. But the burden of correcting the moviemakers’ wrong portrayal of diseases specifically cancer lies on us physicians. It is hoped that this study will provide the figures of the disparity between fact and myth. Should the results of this study show significant dismal portrayals of cancer in movies, health allies will be obliged to warn public about the disparities in movies, especially those pertaining health. It is not only empathy that is elicited when viewing movies. Some persons may imitate whatever they saw, good or bad. Absolute correction of wrong portrayals may be impossible, however public warning will still help the viewing audience not to be misguided. Objectives 1.To characterize the depiction of cancers in children, adolescents and young adults (AYA) in English-language or –subtitled movies. 2.To gather data about the most common signs, symptoms and outcomes of cancer as depicted on movies 3.To gather data about behaviors and coping mechanisms of patients in response to cancer, as depicted on movies. 4. To gather data about behaviors and coping mechanisms of families, caregivers and/or significant others of cancer patients, as depicted on movies. 5. To gather data about where treatment is initiated on movies, and estimated time to live of cancer patients from time of detection. Design/Method A qualitative type of research will be used in this study. A preliminary list of mainstream, independent, and made-for-television movies produced from 1975 to 2010 will be independently identified by two authors through manual searches of the internet and movie databases, for English-speaking or English subtitled films. This will be made possible by searching from websites namely: www.google.com and www.youtube.com. Abstracts of movies will then be viewed thru www.imdb.com and will be decided whether they fit the inclusion criteria. Qualifying movies will then be viewed by the two authors. Included movies will be those movies containing individuals aged 29 and below whose signs and symptoms of cancer are noticeable by the audience. Data gathering about the variables regarding cancer, most common signs and symptoms of cancers, behavior of patients and families and the most common outcomes will then be gathered and tabulated. Setting Data gathering were done by the two researchers independently at home by viewing the movies included in the criteria. The outcomes of the data gathering are to be collaborated Inclusion Criteria Each of these criteria must be met for inclusion: 1.The cancer movies are released on public during the year 1975 to 2010. 2.The character of the movie, particularly the patient with cancer must be aged 29 and below and these characters clearly manifested signs and symptoms of cancer noticeable to the audience. Exclusion Criteria Either of these criteria being met will lead to exclusion: 1.Cancer movies released before year 1975 and beyond 2010 are excluded in the study, including those with cancer characters with age 30 years and above. 2.Cancer movies filmed between the year 1975-2010 which contains languages not clearly understood by the proponents of this research. 3. Movies which involve cancer patients who are not the main subjects of the film or cancer manifestations not highlighted in the film. Data Gathering Main outcome measures 1.The Variables of Cancer in an individual affected as reflected on movies 1.1.Age 1.2. Sex 1.3.Type of cancer Table2. The Most Common Signs and Symptoms, Treatment Options, Outcomes of Different Types of Cancer and Estimated Time to Live among Cancer Patients as Reflected on Movies 2.1.Physical effects 2.2.Treatment Options 2.3. Outcome of cancer 2.4. Estimated time to live among cancer patients Table 3.Behavioral Reactions of people toward cancer Behavioral reaction of patients toward the sickness Behavioral reaction of families/caregivers toward cancer 3.3.Where treatment is initiated Data Handling and Analysis The co-authors will review cancer movies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data from the movies included will be tabulated in a table. All of the movies viewed independently by the co-authors will be collaborated at the end of the 10-month study period. The data on age, sex, type of cancer, physical manifestation of different types of cancer, treatment options, outcomes and estimated time to live will be presented as frequency and percentage. Typical emotional process that most people with a terminal illness and families go through namely: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance will be presented in frequency and percentage. 1

The Chorus of Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

The Chorus of Antigone      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The chorus was not only a major part of Antigone, but also the most insightful portion of this play's cast.   The members of the chorus tell Creon and the audience very important truths about themselves.   Throughout the play the chorus comments on Creon's actions, and gives us all unbiased views on our hypocritical species.   Without a chorus Creon's epiphany may never have occurred and we wouldn't have, as easily, seen our personal flaws.   The chorus is included in a very effective manner, the chorus talks about death, love, and other unconquerable forces that humans eternally try to defeat, it shows the audience great futility and lets us see the problems we face throughout life.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Creon changes greatly throughout the play, he starts as a best friend, or someone out to help the common man, but later in the play he becomes more and more ruthless as his power corrupts him.   At about the time his degradation reaches it's climax the chorus interrupts with a song about death, how man can control the most powerful of elements, and tame the wildest beast, yet death still comes.   He also learns through them some important things about love, especially that it is unconquerable.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through the chorus Creon begins to see that he is wrong and God is superior to himself, but it takes a lot to shake his belief that a perfect society is run by an unrelenting rule.   This play also told me a lot about humans in general, that the they aren't interested in anything but the fulfillment of their own needs, and that they refuse to see that something may be more powerful than themselves.   This revelation is the major theme of the play and is very important in Creon's growth as a person.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This play couldn't have existed without a chorus, these singers give too much to the structure of the play, without them Creon would never have changed as a person and the play would have been much more ambiguous as to the relationship of Creon's problems to our own.   With the help of the chorus Creon learns that he is just a frail being in a world much greater than his own pitiful kingdom.

Life Cycle Stages Essay

There are four stages in the financial life cycle of an individual. The accumulation, saving, pre-retirement and retirement stages. Judging from the financial ratios of Winston and Yvonne, we concluded that Winston and Yvonne are in stage 2: the savings stage of the financial life cycle phase. This stage of the life cycle is usually characterized by the increase of assets, net worth and the decline in the use of debts, as by this stage Winston and Yvonne have already accumulated more assets over the years and would seek to protect their wealth and priorities and at the same time seek to be more risk adverse than before. People in this stage are usually concerned in saving for the future like children’s education, retirement etc. As the savings Ratio can be easily explained by the amount of money a person saves as a percentage of their total income. The level of savings as a percentage of Winston’s and Yvonne’s income is 60.41% as calculated is expected of the cou ple in their mid 30s falling in this stage of the life cycle as it portrayed high savings planning for the future of their children’s education. In the savings stage of the life cycle, we could expect an increase in net worth and assets as those had been accumulated before reaching conservation phases in that cycle. The increase in assets meant that Winston and Yvonne have a relatively high net worth as calculated at 74.51%. As Winston and Yvonne have a relatively high net worth ratio, their financial solvency is lower as most of their funds are being tied up with their fixed assets and their high net worth ratio also showed that their investments and commitments are being funded by debts and trade payables that are not proportionate. Winston and Yvonne might also face problems such as liquidity problems as their high ratio meant that they do not have immediate access to their cash. Therefore any decline in value of their investments or in any aspect that is relevant to their assets would cause them to have the inability to pay back their debt, thus lead to bankruptcy. Winston and Yvonne should seek to lower their net worth ratio by diversifying their funds in lesser fixed assets like property, home contents and education funds as lowering the ratio of their net worth would help them have more f inancial flexibility and ability to meet their financial payment obligations. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/interpret-assetstonetworth-ratios-57281.html. http://www.accountingtools.com/net-worth-ratio. As Winston and Yvonne are in their wealth protection phase, we explained that there would be an indication of a high net worth and a decrease in the use of debts. The debt Service ratio is the monthly debt commitments in comparison to total income and expressed in a percentage. In other words it is the ratio of the ability to repay loans over a period of time. If a debt service ratio is too high it would mean that one is too highly leveraged and has a high amount of loan and in the long run might run into difficulties in repaying off the loan commitment in the future. In this stage we expected financial prudence and a high risk adversity. The low debt service ratio of Winston and Yvonne at 14.21% indicated the low dependability on debt and increases their ability to service their debt, reducing the risk of them not being able to continue going in the long run. This could be expected of them as they are seeking to save for the future and make sure that they are able to service their l iabilities in the long run and not exhausted halfway through by limiting their commitments and slowly getting a debt free approach when it comes to their retirement. http://www.e-conomic.co.uk/accountingsystem/glossary/debt-ratio.

When Should You Start Studying for Your AP Exams

When Should You Start Studying for Your AP Exams SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So you’re taking a couple AP classes, they’re going well, and you feel pretty good about most of the material. The exam in May seems a long way off. Do you need to start studying?The answer is, that depends! Every student and every exam is different. However, my general advice is to start studying no later than the midpoint of the school year. (That would be after winter break for most of you.)Why the midpoint of the year? Keep reading to find out! I’ll also discuss how many hours you should plan to prep based on how the course is going and what score you are aiming for. Then I’ll present some strategies for determining how you should balance general conceptual review of the material and dedicated exam prep like taking practice exams. Finally, I’ll make suggestions as to when and how you should study based on overall course subject (math, science, foreign language, and so on.) Note that in this article I’m going to generally assume that you are taking the class for which you are going to take the AP exam. For self-study, see my article onstudying for AP exams without taking the class. 3 ReasonsYou Should Start Studying for Your AP Exams by the Midpoint of the Year The way I see it, there are three reasons why you should start studying for you AP exams in earnest by the midpoint of the school year. Reason 1: You’ll Know a Good Amount of Course Material By the middle of the school year, you will have covered enough material in class that you will be able to answer a decent amount of practice questions and problems without wanting to tear your hair out in frustration. If you start looking at AP practice exams in October, you will have only learned a fraction of the course material, so they will be of limited use to you. Reason 2: Avoiding the Cram! The midpoint of the year is also still early enough that you won’t have to cram for the exam. You’ll have plenty of time to familiarize yourself with the exam format and make sure you understand all of the course content. A major danger of waiting too late to prep is you might find that there’s a segment of the course material that you really don’t understand or a section on the test that is very foreign to you, so if you start in the middle of the year, you can be confident you’ll have enough time to fully prepare. The only cramming you should be doing is these delicious cookies into your mouth. Reason 3: Pacing Yourself Another advantage to starting early is that you won’t necessarily have to spend hours and hours a week studying to hit your target amount of study-hours, which will help you later in the semester when things are busy and you may not be able to devote entire weekends to cramming for an AP exam. If you’re in a particularly content-heavy course, you should probably review class material throughout the first semester so that it stays fresh. In general, though, the midpoint of the year will give you enough time to brush up on the material, identify any gaps in your knowledge, and prepare for the exam format. What If You’re in a Semester-Long Course? Some schools offer semester-long AP courses. If you’re in one of these, should you still start studying at the midpoint of the year?This depends on when you take the class. If you take the class during the first semester,keep the midpoint of the year as your prep start point. You'll basically start prepping as soon as the class is over. This is for two reasons: first, you will know all the material before you start studying for the exam, so you can take practice tests and write essays without being concerned that there may be questions about material you haven’t studied yet. Secondly, prepping throughout the second half of the yearwill help you remember the material. Keeping it fresh in your mind will be much easier than trying to play catch-up in the few weeks leading up to the exam. If it’s a second-semester only AP course, you’re in less danger of forgetting the material, but you also have less time to study. This is fine. Semester long APs don’t cover as much material as full-year ones, so just so long as you are doing well in the class, you can afford to wait until four to six weeks before the exam to put your studying in full gear. That said, if there are any concepts you aren’t clear about or that seem fuzzy, try to learn them as soon as you realize there’s an issue. This will save you a lot of heartache during the studying process. Not this kind of fuzzy. How Many Hours Should I Study for My AP Exam? There is no magic number of hours you need to study for an AP exam to get a certain score. There are, though, two main factors that together should give you a rough idea of how many hours you should plan to study. Factor 1: How You’re Doing in the Course If you’re acing exams and the material clicks with you at an A+ level, you can probably get away with studying around 15 hours for the exam and walking away with a 5 in the bag (Remember, you’re spreading the prep out over a semester, so 15 hours total would only be about an hour and a half a week for ten weeks). If, though, you’re scraping by with a C+ or B- (which is perfectly respectable- these courses are hard!) you may well need to devote 40+ hours to get the same score. (An added bonus is that all of that extra studying will probably raise your course grade.) Factor 2: How Well You Want to Score Obviously the higher you want to score, the more you need to study relative to how you are doing in the course. If you’re aiming for a 3 and you’ve got a B, you may well only need to study for 15 hours to pull it off. If you want a 5, that may be more like 35 hours. See my handy table below, where you can cross-reference the letter grade you have with the score you want on the AP exam and the absolute minimum hours you should plan to study. (I assumed no one is aiming for a grade lower than a 3, the general minimum accepted for college credit.) The more demanding the course is overall, and the more content it covers, the more you should plan to study. Ultimately, only you can truly gauge how much time you need to spend preparing to feel comfortable with your chances of getting your target score. Mimimum Study Time Based on Letter Grade and Target Score 5 4 3 A 15+ 10+ 10+ B 25+ 20+ 15+ C 40+ 30+ 20+ D 60+ 45+ 30+ F 80+ 60+ 40+ As you can see, how many hours you need to study depends on a lot of things- how well you're doing in class, how much material there is, and your skill level in the given components of the test. If you’re great at timed essays, you won’t need to spend as much time studying for AP Lit and Comp as someone who struggles with them. In general,it’s better to spread your prep out over time- a couple months at least- as opposed to doing massive cramming. Cramming will stress you out, especially in May when you are probably also trying to wrap up projects and study for exams in other classes. Once you have an idea of how many hours you will need to study for the exam, how should you spend those hours? Read on for my recommendations on balancing general review of the course material with dedicated exam prep. Study slow and steady like a snail. Say that five times fast. General Review vs. Dedicated Exam Prep: How Much of Each? Once you determine how much time you’re going to spend studying, you need to decide how you’re going to spend that time. There are, generally speaking, two kinds of studying you can do for the AP. You can review the material the course is based on, or you can prepare specifically for the exam by taking practice questions, writing practice essays, and so on. Obviously, to do well on the exam, you need to have a good grasp on the material. But understanding the material is not always enough to ace the exam. Many AP exams have portions that test special skills, like the DBQ on the history exams, so it’s good to prep for the actual format of the exam as well. Understanding the material is like the foundation, and doing well on the exam is like building a strong house on that foundation. So how should you split your exam prep time? What should you focus on? In general, I would focus more on reviewing the material when you first start studying, especially if you decide to do any studying during the first semester. Before you know a decent amount of material, taking practice tests etc will just be frustrating, because there will be a lot of questions you have no idea how to answer. As you pass the midpoint of the class, you can start to familiarize yourself with the exam format. Familiarity with the format will become more critical as time goes on. So the closer you get to the day of the exam, the more the balance will shift from material review to exam prep. That way you’ll know you’ve got a strong foundation before you start trying to build a house on it! You might also (politely!) ask your teacher what you will be doing in the course to prep for the AP specifically. If you are going to be doing a lot of dedicated exam prep exercises during class time, you may not need to do quite as much outside. If you are just trying to race headlong through the material so you aren’t still learning on WWI material on exam day, you’ll know it will be pretty much up to you to familiarize yourself with the exam format. Remember, regardless of what you learn in the classroom, it will be you taking that exam on test day, so you are ultimately responsible for your own prep. Now that we’ve discussed balancing conceptual reviews and dedicated prep, I have some more specific recommendations based on the exam’s general subject matter. You are as majestic as this crane, and better-prepared for the AP exam. When and How To Start Studying for AP Exams Based on Course Content The general guidelines I’ve given so far will hold for most, if not all, AP exams. Still, it is worth calling out that the best way to use your study time, and when you should ideally think about preparation, will vary quite a lot among exams. In the following section I give my study recommendations based on the general subject matter of the course. When and How to Start Studying for Math AP Tests In general, math coursework is cumulative- everything you learn builds on what you learned before. So the single most important thing you can do for prepping for an exam like AP Calculus is to make sure you learn concepts as soon as it is clear you are struggling with them. If you do poorly on a test in class, the time to try to learn that material is decidedly not in the two weeks leading up to the AP exam, it’s right after you realize you don’t get it. There is no shame in this! There are some hard, hard concepts in these classes.Overall, making sure you really learn the material as you go along is the best thing you can do for your AP exam score. So basically, the time to start studying for a Math AP is immediately, by making sure you know the material backwards and forwards as it is being presented to you. When and How to Start Studying for Science AP Tests Most of the science APs- Chemistry, Physics, and Biology- cover a lot of material and have reputations for being fairly difficult. This is another category where studying right from the get-go is quite important, and where content is probably more important than test format. Don’t get me wrong- it will still help you to be familiar with the general format of the exam- but most of your energy should be focused on making sure you understand all of the huge swathes of material throughout the year. Focus on content throughout the year, and format after the midpoint. Space: the final frontier that's not your AP exam. When and How to Start Studying for Foreign Language AP Tests To build a strong foundation in a foreign language, constant practice is the name of the game. If your high school class is pretty intensive, you may not have to study quite as much outside, although brushing up on vocab and grammar rules occasionally to stay sharp is a good idea. It will also help you to do things like watch TV or movies in the language you are studying, and to read books. It will definitely help you to do dedicated AP test prep, but the most important thing is bringing your language skills as close to fluency as you can, and you can work throughout the year to do this. It’s also fairly common to take a foreign language AP in a language that you grew up speaking at home. This means you probably already have a phenomenal foundation in the language, but you should still prepare. For one thing, you should brush up on all those pesky grammar rules; it can be surprisingly difficult to remember the specific grammar rules for a language you have mastered. You should also practice writing timed essays.Fluency won’t carry you all the way if you can’t give the AP graders what they want. When and How to Start Studying for English AP Tests The most important thing you can do to practice for the two English AP exams is timed essay practice. You should hone your timed essay skills for all of the different kinds of essays that appear on a given exam, and carefully study the rubric. This is an exam area where general subject mastery of English is certainly helpful, but developing AP-rubric-specific timed essay-writing skills will make a huge difference in ultimate success. So when should you start writing practice essays? I would advise getting your start fairly early in the year- around or even before the midpoint- so you can gauge how much additional practice you should put in throughout the year. If things are going well, you’ll know you won’t need as many outside-of-class prep hours. When and How to Start Studying for History AP Tests A main challenge with learning historical material is that it can be fairly siloed: you learn about the Civil War and then don’t come back to it, you learn the French Revolution inside and out and then won’t be tested again until the AP, and so on. This is why keeping historical information fresh is essential, and you should be doing it throughout the year. You may need to do more dedicated content review for AP History exams, and start reviewing old content earlier than for any other AP, simply because so much of the exam relies on your ability to recall historical facts and details. Obviously, a sense of overall historical trends is very important, but an occasional dip back into your textbook will go a long way towards helping you remember the peskier little details. Pesky details like whoever this lady is. When to Start Studying for AP Exams - Conclusions So as you can see, when exactly you need to start studying for your AP exam depends on several factors.In general, the latest you should start studying for the exam is during the midpoint of the school year. The number of hours you should plan to devote to studying depends both on how you are doing in the course and what your target score is. Reviewing conceptual material is more important earlier in the year, while specific AP exam prep becomes more salient later on.How much to weigh one or the other depends on the specific exam and your own knowledge and skill level. It’s a lot to consider. But if you study as you go and balance content review with dedicated test prep, you can go into the test with confidence. What's Next? Need help registering for your upcoming AP exams? Check out our article on registering for AP tests and classes. Still considering which AP classes to take next year? Let us help you with our AP class schedule planning guide. If you're taking the SAT this year, be sure to check out our guide to the new SAT, which was offered for the first time on March 5th of this year! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Volcano essays

Volcano essays There are different perspectives and opinions about volcanoes, but the two major expressions on volcanoes that come into mind are its beauty and its terror. Though many people may not agree, there is one side of volcanoes that do have an expression of beauty. Before it erupts, a volcano sits quietly with the mountains, and everything looks peaceful and beautiful as they are one with nature, but when this peace is interrupted by the eruption of the volcano, all that once looked peaceful and beautiful suddenly becomes surrounded with the overwhelming fear of nature. Volcanoes can cause a great amount of property damage as well as the loss of many lives, including both people and animals. In ancient times, people thought of volcanoes as mysterious, and they were very superstitious about them. Today, even with the tremendous advances in all the sciences, people still ask many questions about volcanoes that continue to be unanswered. However, it is believed that when we have learned more about volcanoes and their terrific power we may be able to find it to be a benefit of humanity. The great clouds of gases, vapor, and ash particles are the most noticable features of the explosive eruption of a volcano. The eruption cloud may be luminous or dark, depending on whether it is incandescent and whether it contains a small or large amount of ash particles. From a distance, the fiery and smoky appearances with the red glow of the lava escaping from the crater beneath can give an image of a burning mountain. There are two extremes of volcanic eruptions, one extreme being that the lava rises quietly to the surface and overflows the lip of the crater. The gases bubble through the lava and escape calmly, but there are instances when the gases rush out with so much force that they form lava fountains that shoot hundreds of feet into the air. On the other extreme, a giant explosion occurs in the chimney of the volcano, and when ...

Typical Course of Study - 7th Grade

Typical Course of Study - 7th Grade By the time they are in 7th grade, most students should be reasonably self-motivated, independent learners. They should have a good time-management framework in place, though they will likely still need guidance, and parents should remain actively involved as a source of accountability. Seventh-graders will move onto more complex reading, writing, and math skills and a more in-depth study of previously-learned concepts alongside the introduction of new skills and topics.   Language Arts A typical course of study for 7th-grade language arts includes literature, composition, grammar, and vocabulary building. In 7th-grade, students are expected to analyze text and infer its message, citing the text to support their analysis. They will compare different versions of a document, such as a book and its film  version  or a historical  fiction book with a historical account of the same event or time period. When comparing a book to its movie version, students will learn to notice how elements such as lighting, scenery, or musical score affect the message of the text. When reading text that supports an opinion, students should be able to state whether the author supported his claim with solid evidence and reasons. They should also compare and contrast the texts of other authors presenting the same or similar assertions. Writing should include more in-depth research papers that cite multiple sources. Students are expected to understand how to quote and cite sources and build a bibliography. They are also expected to write well-researched and fact-supported arguments in a clear and logical format. Seventh-grade students should also demonstrate clear, grammatically-correct writing across all subjects, such as science and history. Grammar topics should ensure that students know how to correctly punctuate quoted text and use apostrophes, colons, and semicolons. Math   A typical course of study for 7th-grade math  includes numbers, measurements, geography, algebra, and probability. Typical topics include exponents and scientific notation; prime numbers; factoring; combining like terms; substituting values for variables; simplification of algebraic expressions; and calculating rate, distance, time, and mass. Geometric topics include the classification of angles and triangles; finding the unknown measurement of a triangles side; finding the volume of prisms and cylinders; and determining the slope of a line.   Students will also learn to use a variety of graphs to represent data and to interpret those graphs, and they will learn to compute odds. Students will be introduced to mean, median, and mode.   Science In seventh grade, students will continue to explore general life, earth, and physical science topics using the scientific method.   Although there isnt a specific recommended course of study of 7th-grade science, common life science topics include scientific classification; cells and cell structure; heredity and genetics; and human organ systems and their function. Earth science typically includes the effects of  weather  and climate; properties and uses of water; atmosphere; air pressure;  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹rocks, soil, and minerals; eclipses; phases of the moon; tides; and conservation; ecology and environment. Physical science includes  Newtons laws of motion; the structure of atoms and molecules; heat and energy; the Periodic Table; the chemical and physical changes of matter; elements and compounds; mixtures and solutions; and the properties of waves. Social Studies Seventh-grade social studies topics can vary greatly. As with science, there is no specific recommended course of study. For homeschooling families, the topics covered are usually influenced by their curriculum, homeschooling styles, or personal interests. World history topics may include the Middle Ages; the Renaissance; the Roman Empire; European revolutions; or World War I and World War II.   Students studying American history may cover the Industrial Revolution; the Scientific Revolution; the early 20th century including the 1920s, 1930s, and the Great Depression; and Civil Rights leaders.   Geography may include a detailed study of various regions or cultures, including the history, foods, customs; and religion of the area.  It may also focus on the geographic influences on significant historical events. Art There is no recommended course of study for seventh-grade art. However, students should be encouraged to explore the world of art to discover their interests.   Some ideas include learning to play a musical instrument; acting in a play; creating visual art such as drawing, painting, animation, pottery, or photography; or creating textile art such as fashion design, knitting, or sewing. Technology Seventh-grade students should use technology as part of their studies across the curriculum. They should be competent in their keyboarding skills and have a good understanding of online safety guidelines and copyright laws. In addition to using standard text and spreadsheet applications, students should learn to use tools for collecting data and conducting polls or surveys.  Ã‚   They may also want to publish or share their work using formats such as blogs or video-sharing sites.

HP Distribution Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HP Distribution Centre - Essay Example 2. It is misleading to think that the advantages accrued from specialization are lost or diminished when a team is created from specialists in different fields. On the contrary, cross-functional team is an environment where the benefits of specialization can be realized to the greater extent. Members of such a team approach the problem from different perspectives. As a result, working together they can see "big picture" and work out a better solution. Diversity is not a limitation; it is a success factor for a team. 3. In my opinion, Loretta Wilson's team was successful in achieving its objectives. Consolidation, automation of sorting, packing and crating activities, redesign of work stations, and use of modern technologies were "smarter and simpler ways to handle parts fewer times at several points in the distribution channel". Rethinking the way distribution was done allowed the team to fulfill the self-formulated goal and at the same time achieve the initial requirement of four-hour limit for parts delivery. 4. Wilson's team has demonstrated the characteristics of the high performing teams, and text contains explicit and implicit proofs of it. The team had clear goals - "to find smarter and simpler ways to handle parts" and started working quickly and with passion, which requires unified commitment.

Best Companies to work for Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Best Companies to work for - Essay Example uch as ‘Shrek,’ ‘Madagascar’ and ‘Kung Fu Panda,’ including other popular animated films like ‘Shark Tale’ and ‘Chicken Run’ to name a few. DreamWorks Animation SKG did a great job of communicating the work philosophy of the company. They in fact included a comprehensive statement on the website where a link was provided titled careers on the bottom part of the main page. â€Å"We are committed to fostering a culture that embraces innovation, creativity, collaboration, and a solid dose of fun† (DreamWorks Animation SKG, par.1). The company provides a very flamboyant take on attracting potential employees. The website also has a link to a picture gallery of the office grounds which has landscaped gardens, a basketball court, lobby with a huge replica of Po from ‘Kung Fu Panda,’ snapshots of employees happily at work, a lounge equipped with a pool table and outdoor eating area, its total area amounting to six acres. There were also testimonies from employees on what their job entails and how it affects the films the company makes. The company does follow through with a number of perks they offer to employees including free breakfast and lunch, exclusive movie screenings and other complimentary facilities like yoga classes, company parties and art classes to nurture creativity where everyone is encouraged to join, at times even personally by the company’s CEO Jefferey Katzenberg (Fortune, pars.1-2). The company puts emphasis on the diversity of their employees where there is a multitude of nationalities from all over the globe. DreamWorks maintains that they â€Å"are constantly searching for experienced leaders and enthusiastic emerging talent who share a passion for telling stories and making movies to join our ever growing DreamWorks family† (par.3). The company is the kind of employer that allows its employees to explore their creativity and would be an ideal place to work in and a company to work for. I would definitely consider working

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project - Essay Example But in Balanced Scorecard the performance of an organization is looked into from a broader angle which spans over perspectives like: Financial, Customer, Internal business process, Learning and growth. This is done to integrate the various complexities in the operating environment of a modern-day firm and so that the along with the financial model other factors which have crucial effects on the firm are taken into account. This tool evaluates performance of an organization and provides a framework for guidance. This system is used by organizations, private, governmental and non-profit to examine their performance in relation to their strategic objectives. Using the balanced Scorecard system, it is possible to measure and evaluate the process which is responsible for present and future value creation. This also acts as a guiding framework for managerial decision making in context of areas to be focused upon and resources to be put into in order to create value. Analysis through this system brings forth the ‘value drivers’ in an organization (Balance Scorecard basics, 2009; Kaplan R.S. and Norton D.P., 1996). The main angles or points of discussion for the organization under the ‘customer perspective’ are identification of their target customers and also their won value proposition which would attract the customers. Identification of the value proposition is crucial because otherwise the organization would surely loose focus. Value propositions might emanate from: Operational excellence- These kinds of organizations get their value proposition from excellence and primary focus only on their operations and generally offer no-frill products or services. Example: EasyJet the European low-cost airline. Leadership through product- These firms depend on constant innovation and research to deliver better products to their customers. They become product leaders and lead the way in the market by always striving to and delivering

Destination Report & Presentation Research Paper

Destination Report & Presentation - Research Paper Example Leading on from here, the number of tourist sites and services that a person may have at disposal upon visiting a single country is so much. In some cases, the planning of tourism trips has become a problem for travelers when it comes to destination and services selection. It is from this point that the need for the use of information and community technology in making the situation easier becomes necessary. This paper therefore looks at the designing of a location based information delivery system that makes it possible for tourists to access information from various tourism locations and also exchange information to such locations to make the reception of tourism services easier. The researcher opines that this location based information delivery in tourism will serve a two-tier purpose of benefiting both the tourist as a service user and the tourism operators as service providers. More specifically, the destination to be used in this location based information delivery is Ottawa i n Canada, which is one of Canada’s four largest tourism metropolitan areas (O’Grady and O’Hare, 2002). ... In the first place, there is an element of client device that is built to host a web browser. A typical example of such a client device could be a mobile phone, a tablet computer or a laptop (Berger et al, 2007). There is also an element of customized web application server that makes it possible for users to receive and input web contents that meet the context of users. The essence of this element of the system architecture is to ensure that tourists visiting Ottawa have the freedom and will to make choices of selection based on user pre-defined preferences and options (Kjeldskov and Paay, 2005). What is more, it is expected that the system architecture for the location based information delivery system would encompass the presence of a universal description, discovery and integration (UDDI) service directory that focuses on the provision of tourist information services such as hotel accommodation finder services. Such UDDI services would ensure that the search for locations is siev ed and made much easier. More to the above, the presence of a context manager is also very important for the system architecture. This is because with such context manager, data that is input into the system can easier be stored for future retrieval and usage. Such data will be treated by the system as user dynamic context so that for all future searches these options will show up as user preferences, making it easier for future choices to be made. It is expected that some of the user dynamic contexts that will be considered by the system would include but not limited to location, wireless device features, identities, password, and data usage (Schernthanner and

TV Makes People Dumber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TV Makes People Dumber - Essay Example This essay generally believes that TV is bad for the youth. TV makes people dumber because it teaches racial prejudice and discrimination, it may boost memory, but not critical thinking skills, and it may be too complex for their cognitive and emotional levels, thereby limiting their ability to maximize potential learning from it. TV shows, even those with complex narratives, contains ideas that promote racial prejudice. Steven Johnson, in his essay, â€Å"Watching TV Makes You Smarter,† maintains that TV is good for people’s brains because many shows, including bad ones, have complex narratives with multiple-occurring plots. The complexity of TV stories compels people to think deeply, and this thinking makes them smarter. This paper opposes this argument because 24 may have a complex narrative, but it promotes racial stereotypes about Arabs and Muslims. It turns race into a literal black-and-white plot of morality, disabling people from realizing that TV is just a stor y, not a valid generalization of racial identities. Furthermore, some reality TV shows suggest that racial prejudice is fun and entertaining. Scholastic Scope explores the dangers of watching reality TV shows in â€Å"Is Reality TV Making You Stupid?† ... ho are negatively portrayed on TV and movies, such as what Dana Stevens highlights in â€Å"Thinking outside the Idiot Box.† Teenagers might think that racism is nothing serious and become discriminatory to minorities. Moreover, Reality TV might be making people stupid because it portrays negative values and conduct. It teaches selfishness. Most shows are about â€Å"me† than about â€Å"we.† In addition, reality TV teaches materialism. Shows such as My Super Sweet 16 underscore the negative effects of TV on the young mind. They might learn that materialism is good for their lives. Aside from potentially forming negative conduct, TV may improve memory, but not critical thinking skills. Susan Smith presents some evidence that TV is good for the brain in â€Å"TV Makes You Smart.† She mentions a study which provides findings that watching TV, especially comedy, can enhance memory. Johnson agrees with Smith and says that TV is a memory-booster because people have to memorize plots and characters to understand what they are watching. However, this essay argues that comedy and complex dramatic narratives might be good for the memory, but they are not true cognitive workouts as Johnson claims. It may produce short-term memory enhancement, but it does not train young minds to challenge what they watch. Moreover, watching TV makes people want to watch more TV only because it captures attention. Stevens believe that instead of making people smarter, TV merely conditions people to watch more. Watching more TV, if it does not make people smarter and can even make them dumber, will only make matters worse for people’s ability to think critically. In addition, watching TV trains people to be sensitive to changing actions and social relationships, but not how to question these

The Strategic Implication of E Commerce for the Design and Essay

The Strategic Implication of E Commerce for the Design and Construction Industry Article Analysis - Essay Example The main research question which is being asked by the authors of the article by Johnson and his colleagues is if the AEC industry can benefit itself and integrate e-commerce platforms into the business plans and strategic objectives of the enterprise. If the construction industry and its participants can achieve greater integration of e-commerce it is able to raise overall profits in the industry by streamlining activities that used to take greater efforts which led to unnecessary expenses now become automated activities that provide added value services to the customers. The power of the e-commerce solution is based on the achieved growth in the utilization of the platform after the turn of the century. In 2001 e-commerce in the United States generated $7931 million in revenues (Plunkett Research, 2007). Six years later in the 1st quarter in 2007 the sales volume had grown to $27,092, an overall increase of 242% over a six-year span or an average yearly growth of 40% (Plunkett Rese arch, 2007). These figures clearly illustrate evidence of the worldwide tendency to increase e-commerce dependence by all companies around the globe. The article effectively described the industry in order to evaluate possibilities that are going to integrate e-commerce solutions to increase efficiency in the AEC industry. Various case studies of different participants of the  value-added supply chain that allowed the players in the industry to obtain efficiencies associated with economies of scope, integration of resources, technological advances, information technology and other competitive advantages. The literature provided a very clear and descriptive analysis of the construction industry. The construction industry is a mature fragmented industry which is closely held with less than 25 public trading companies and plenty of small and medium closed held private enterprises.  Ã‚  

Destination Report & Presentation Research Paper

Destination Report & Presentation - Research Paper Example Leading on from here, the number of tourist sites and services that a person may have at disposal upon visiting a single country is so much. In some cases, the planning of tourism trips has become a problem for travelers when it comes to destination and services selection. It is from this point that the need for the use of information and community technology in making the situation easier becomes necessary. This paper therefore looks at the designing of a location based information delivery system that makes it possible for tourists to access information from various tourism locations and also exchange information to such locations to make the reception of tourism services easier. The researcher opines that this location based information delivery in tourism will serve a two-tier purpose of benefiting both the tourist as a service user and the tourism operators as service providers. More specifically, the destination to be used in this location based information delivery is Ottawa i n Canada, which is one of Canada’s four largest tourism metropolitan areas (O’Grady and O’Hare, 2002). ... In the first place, there is an element of client device that is built to host a web browser. A typical example of such a client device could be a mobile phone, a tablet computer or a laptop (Berger et al, 2007). There is also an element of customized web application server that makes it possible for users to receive and input web contents that meet the context of users. The essence of this element of the system architecture is to ensure that tourists visiting Ottawa have the freedom and will to make choices of selection based on user pre-defined preferences and options (Kjeldskov and Paay, 2005). What is more, it is expected that the system architecture for the location based information delivery system would encompass the presence of a universal description, discovery and integration (UDDI) service directory that focuses on the provision of tourist information services such as hotel accommodation finder services. Such UDDI services would ensure that the search for locations is siev ed and made much easier. More to the above, the presence of a context manager is also very important for the system architecture. This is because with such context manager, data that is input into the system can easier be stored for future retrieval and usage. Such data will be treated by the system as user dynamic context so that for all future searches these options will show up as user preferences, making it easier for future choices to be made. It is expected that some of the user dynamic contexts that will be considered by the system would include but not limited to location, wireless device features, identities, password, and data usage (Schernthanner and

The Strategic Implication of E Commerce for the Design and Essay

The Strategic Implication of E Commerce for the Design and Construction Industry Article Analysis - Essay Example The main research question which is being asked by the authors of the article by Johnson and his colleagues is if the AEC industry can benefit itself and integrate e-commerce platforms into the business plans and strategic objectives of the enterprise. If the construction industry and its participants can achieve greater integration of e-commerce it is able to raise overall profits in the industry by streamlining activities that used to take greater efforts which led to unnecessary expenses now become automated activities that provide added value services to the customers. The power of the e-commerce solution is based on the achieved growth in the utilization of the platform after the turn of the century. In 2001 e-commerce in the United States generated $7931 million in revenues (Plunkett Research, 2007). Six years later in the 1st quarter in 2007 the sales volume had grown to $27,092, an overall increase of 242% over a six-year span or an average yearly growth of 40% (Plunkett Rese arch, 2007). These figures clearly illustrate evidence of the worldwide tendency to increase e-commerce dependence by all companies around the globe. The article effectively described the industry in order to evaluate possibilities that are going to integrate e-commerce solutions to increase efficiency in the AEC industry. Various case studies of different participants of the  value-added supply chain that allowed the players in the industry to obtain efficiencies associated with economies of scope, integration of resources, technological advances, information technology and other competitive advantages. The literature provided a very clear and descriptive analysis of the construction industry. The construction industry is a mature fragmented industry which is closely held with less than 25 public trading companies and plenty of small and medium closed held private enterprises.  Ã‚  

The Dust Bowl Essay Example for Free

The Dust Bowl Essay Farmers began to plow and plant wheat crops. When World War 1 began the massive wheat crops helped feed many Americans that in another part of the country try where in the beginning of a depression that was caused by the war. The wheat crops also helped feed numerous nations overseas. A drought that began in the beginning of the 1930’s persisted and was leading things in a very negative direction. No matter the circumstances farmers kept on farming hoping the rain would soon come back. In 1931 the rain just stopped and the farmers still kept trying to farm. Without adequate crops people who were already hurting from the depression where starting to feel the impact of the drought. In 1934 the drought impacted 27 states and 75% of the country. Most of the impact from the dust bowl was in the southern plains. The Dust bowl was the result of the worst drought in the history of the United States. In 1935 the wind blew for 27 nights and days and people began to die of suffocation and pneumonia caused from the dust. The affect that it had on the development of the United States is that right before the drought there was an economic over expansion due to the high demand of the wheat and the great soil for crop growth. The poorly managed the land because of over planting and harvesting and when the drought hit the affect was significant economically and the government had to put out large amounts of money to try and recover the economy. 2. Sun Belt The economic and political impact of the nation’s shift in population from the south to the west is called the Sun Belt. The economic growth since World War 2 increased migration from the north east in the United States. The rapid growth in population changed quickly and moved people to the Sun Belt states. It increased tourist industries and brought wealth to the Sun Belt states. This impacted the geographical and environment of the section of the United States greatly. B. One significant environmental or geographical factor that contributed to the development or diffusion on one human society from: Egypt’s geographic characteristics that affect the development of human society were the Nile River. The Nile River made the ability of a large population in a desert region. Also, the Nile would flood bringing rich soil to the lower regions of the rivers course. The crops in this area did well and the flooding helped set a steady schedule for planting and harvesting and because of this the societies remained stable and had extra time to develop art and science in their culture. The people of Egypt also had access to some of the largest quantities of stone such as granite. This began the development and building of pyramids instead of mud buildings. The Nile River played a huge role in the development of Egypt. 1. Cultural diffusion between Mesopotamia and Egypt. The social and politically elite from Egypt sought exotic goods and items of symbolic prestigiousness from India (Mesopotamia). For example: Mesopotamian cylinder seals and Afghan Lapis Lazuli which were found in early Egyptian tombs. Not only was there trades of items but there was trades of ideas. Egyptians imitated the Lapis Lazuli in their Egyptian Faience (ceramic of glass). Due to the Lapis Lazuli being very rare and expensive the Egyptian felt they could benefit from doing this. The Faience represents the first known attempt to reproduce a material to start their own industry. The idea of pyramids could also be traced back to Mesopotamia with the wall around the complex of the third dynasty King Djoser in Saqqara. Mesopotamia also could be credited for influencing Egypt in writing. They say they did not copy but took the idea and started writing from scratch in their own language. When I think about cultural diffusion I think about the tradition of the Christmas tree. It originated in Germany. The decorated the tree with red flowers and white candles to represent the blood of Christ and the body of Christ. When America picked up the tradition through cultural diffusion they change some of the things about how the tradition was done. The Columbia Electric Encyclopedia (2007) Sun Belt. www. factmonster. com/ce6/us/A0847215. html. Retrieved June 16 , 2011. United States History, The Dust Bowl. www. u-s-history. com/pages/h1583. html. Retrieved June 16, 2011. Aleff, Peter (1982) Mesopotamia’s influence on Egypt. www. recoveredscience. com. Retrieved June 22, 2011.

Evaluation Methods in Empirical Economics

Evaluation Methods in Empirical Economics Evaluation methods in empirical economics fall into five broad categories; each provides an alternative approach for constructing the counterfactual. Alternative evaluation methods depend on several criteria like; a) nature of the program i.e. whether the program/policy is local or national, small scale or global, b) nature of questions to be answered, and c) nature of data available (Blundell and Dias 2000). Heckman et.al (1997, 1998a,b) showed that data quality is also a crucial ingredient for the determination of the appropriate estimation strategy. Both in the case of large scale and small scale impact evaluation work, randomized assignment is often used. It is a fair allocation rule. Because the program manager ensures that, every eligible person or unit has the same chance of receiving the program. When the observation will be very large, any characteristic (either observed or unobserved) will flow through treatment and comparison group; if they are created through randomised assignment. An evaluation is internally valid; if it uses a valid comparison group; and when the impact estimated in the evaluation sample can be generalised to the total population, that evaluation will be called externally valid. Randomized assignment is used, when there exists excess demand for a program and when a program needs to be phased until it covers the entire population. (Gertler et.al 2011). In the Progresa program, where cash was transferred to poor mothers in rural Mexico for their children’s enrolment in school; Schultz (2004) based on the randomized assignment found that, educational grants to rural poor mothers had an effect on the enrolment.. In the paper â€Å"Expanding credit access: using Randomized Decisions to estimate the Impacts’, (Karlan and Zinman 2008), the authors concluded that, marginal loans produced significant net benefits for borrowers over a wide range of outcome by using randomized experiment. In assessing the effect of performance based payment on the use and quality of maternal and child health services provided by health-cares in Rwanda, Basinga et.al (2011) concluded that, financial performance incentives (i.e. payment for performance) could improve the use and quality of maternal and child health services. Vermeersch by using randomised technique examined that, school participation was 30% greater in twenty five Kenyan schools where a free breakfast was introduced than in twenty five comparison schools( Vermeersch 2002). Kremer et.al (2002) evaluated a program where a nongovernmental organisation provided uniforms, textbooks, and classroom construction to seven schools that were randomly chosen from fourteen poorly performing schools in Kenya and found that, dropout rates was considerably low in treatment schools. In evaluating a twice-yearly school based mass treatment program in Kenya, where inexpensive de-worming drugs were provided ( as intestinal worm among children was highly prevalent) in seventy five schools which were randomly selected, Miguel and Kremer (2003a) found that, the absenteeism rate in treatment schools lowered down by 25%. From randomized evaluation , it was found that, provision of textbooks in schools in Kenya increased the test scores by about 0.2 standard deviation, but there was an increase in test score of those students who had scored well (top 20-40%) in the pre-test exam before the intervention of the program. They also found that, text book provision didn’t affect the test scores of bottom 60% students (Glewwe et.al 2002). Seva mandir, an Indian NGO, runs in Indian villages, introduced a program, where a second teacher (preferably woman) was randomly assigned to twenty one out of forty two schools in non formal education centres. Banerjeee et.al(2002) evaluated this program by monitoring the attendance of both teachers and children and found that, the number of closing days reduced after the introduction of the program (i.e. 44% in one- teacher and 39% in two- teacher). They also found the participation of girls also increased. Banerjee et.al (2003) evaluated the impact of a remedial education program introduced by Pratham, an Indian NGO, where young women were hired from the communities and were providing remedial education to children in Government school. On an average, after two years of the program, they found that, the test scores of the students increased by 0.39 standard deviation. Moreover, the bottom level children gained the largest out of this program. They also concluded that, hiring remedial education teachers from community is 10 times more cost effective than hiring new teachers. Glewwe et.al (2003) evaluated a program where parent school committees were providing gifts to teachers whose students were performing well and concluded that, the test scores f the students who were a part of the program initially increased but later on fell back to the level of comparison group at the end of the program. In the evaluation of a Colombian program for extending the coverage of secondary school ( Programa de Amlplication de cobertura de la Education Secundaris), where vouchers for private schools were allocated by lottery due to the limitation of program’s budget, Angrist et.al (2002) took the advantage of randomly assigned treatment and found that, lottery winners were 15-20% more likely to attend private schools, 10% more likely to complete the 8th grade and scored on an average 0.2 standard deviation higher on standardised tests. Randmised promotion method is similar to that of the randomised offerings. Under this method, we randomly select the units to whom we promote the treatment; instead of randomly selecting units to whom we offer the treatment. By doing so, we leave the program open for every unit. There are three types of units under randomised promotion method:1) Always- always they want to enrol in the program, 2) Enroll- If- Promoted- they will enrol only when additional promotion is provided, 3)Never- they will never enrol in the program; whether the promotion is offered or not ( Gertler 2011). Both Gertler et.al (2008)[1] and Newman et.al (2002)[2] used the randomised promotion technique as an impact evaluation tool. In impact evaluation, Regression discontinuity design method will e used for a program that have a continuous eligibility index with a clearly defined cut-off score to determine the eligibility of the participants (Gertler 2011). In assessing the effect of social assistance program, which was funded through the Canadian Assistance plan, in Quebec, Canadain in labor market outcome, Lemieux and Milligan (2005) by using regression discontinuity design method by limiting the sample to men found that, access to greater social assistance benefits reduced employment by about 4.5 percent for men. To study the impact of school fee reduction program on school enrolment in the city of Bogota, Colombia, Barrera-Osario et.al (2007) used regression discontinuity design method and found a positive impact on school enrolment rates. Regression discontinuity design method was also used t evaluate a social safety net initiative in Jamaica. In 2001, the Government of Jamaica initiated a program namely, Program of Advancement through Health and Education (PATH), where grants was given to children in eligible poor households on the condition of regular attendance and health visits. Levy and Ohis (2007) by using regression discontinuity design found that, PATH program increased school attendance for children ages 6 to 17 by an average of 0.5 days per month. Likewise, Matinez(2004)[3] and Filmer and Schady (2009)[4] also used regression discontinuity design method to study the impact of a program. Propensity score matching method pairs each program participants with a single nonparticipant, where pairing is done on the basis of the degree of similarity in the estimated probability of participating in the program (Smith and Todd 2001). In measuring the impact of training program on trainee’s earning, Lalonde (1986) by comparing both experimental and non experimental results concluded that, non experimental methods are subjected to specification errors and also suggested to be aware while implementing these methods. Dehejia and Wahba (1998,1999) by using NSW data concluded that, matching approaches are generally more reliable thangeneral econometric estimators as they found that, matching estimators were able to produce a result which was a replicate of experimental NSW result. Smith and Todd (2005a) argued that, PSM does not solve the selection problem which was studied by Lalonde. [1] Gertler et.al (2008) evaluated the impact of a maternal and child health insurance program in Argentina. [2] Newman et.al (2002) evaluated a program where social investment fund was provided for small scale investments in education, health and water infrastructure in Bolivia. [3] Matinez(2004) studied the effect of old age pension program on consumption. [4] Filmer and Schady(2009) studied the impact of scholarship in school enrolment and testscores of poor students in Colombia.

Fate, Traits, And Choices in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare

Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, is a story of two young lovers. These two hearts, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet belong to feuding families. The family feud causes them to keep their love a secret and therefore only Romeo, Juliet, Benvolio, the Nurse and Friar Lawrence know of their love. Romeo and Juliet are able to look past the feud and let themselves fall in mad love with the other. They let themselves do almost anything for the other and at times it seems like too much to do, even for the one they love. Although fate and character traits play a key role in the play, ultimately Rome and Juliet’s personal choices lead to their downfall.Fate originates all of the conflicts in Romeo and Juliet, from when they met until they die. Romeo is in love with Rosaline at the very beginning of the story and has just found out that she has taken the vow of chastity. Meanwhile Lord Capulet has given County Paris Juliet’s hand in marriage if he can wait until she is sixteen. The Capulets have a party so that Juliet and the Count can meet and he can then woo her. When Romeo and Juliet first meet they are at the Capulet party, which Romeo sneaks into. They fall in love at first sight without realizing that they are enemies. Fate brings them together and it is fate that they are enemies. Thought the play, these lovers go through many obstacles that range from arranging a wedding and finding a time to meet to Juliet trying to get out of marrying Paris. The entire time fate is tossing them around. Romeo realizes this after he kills Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin, in a brawl. At first, Romeo does not want to fight because Romeo and Juliet are already married at this time and he knows that they are cousins. Tybalt asks for a brawl from Romeo but Mercutio fights instead. Mercutio gets killed by Tybalt and that is what makes Romeo mad and fight Tybalt. At the end of the fight when Romeo kills Tybalt and then realizes what he has done he yells out, â€Å"O, I am Fortune’s fool!† (Shakespeare.3.1.143). And he and Juliet both are little toys for fate. But, they never give up on their love.Romeo and Juliet’s traits cause them to go along with their fate and contributes to their downfall.

The Impact of Immigration on The United States Essay -- American Econo

The United States is a country that was built on immigration. The first settlers, Native Americans, represent less than 2% of the total population; the remaining 98% of the population are immigrants or decedents of immigrants. Today, the US still has the highest immigration rate in the world with 757,434 naturalizations in the 2012 fiscal year only (US Naturalizations 2012, Department of Homeland security). People try to immigrate to the United States for many reasons. Some people immigrate because they have been granted a refugee status or asylum and other people immigrate to fulfill their dreams. Immigration has an effect on the American society and economy. The US cannot survive without immigrants. Every year, many people immigrate to the US for several reasons. There are those who come to look for a safe place to stay because their countries are in war. Some immigrants have left their home countries to escape war or fear of persecution. They are refugees and have a legal right to remain the United States. Others come to the US to seek protection; they are granted an asylum and are also lawful residents. Besides that, most immigrants leave their countries and come to the US to fulfill their dreams. More so, the majority of the immigrants are unauthorized immigrants who are all foreign born nonresidents. According to Population Estimates, Office of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security (2011): 4. The number of unauthorized immigrants in US was estimated to 11,510,000.Regarding only to this large number of the unauthorized immigrants we can think about an eventual impact of immigration on US. First of all immigration has a huge impact on demography and social change because it raises the US population. M... ...ates: January 2010." Population Estimates, Office of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security (2011): 4. Kica, Matos. "13 years is too long for people to wait." USA Today n.d.: Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Laura Parker ‘’US just wouldn’t work without immigrant labor’’USATODAY’’7/22/2001 updated 11:21 PM ET http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/july01/2001-07-23-immigrant.htm Melanie Oubre Population ‘’Growth Fueled by Immigration Puts U.S. on Fast-Track to Depletion of Natural Resources’’Number USA Friday, December 28, 2012, 11:40 AM EST https://www.numbersusa.com/content/nusablog/moubre/december-28-2012/population-growth-fueled-immigration-puts-us-fast-track-depletion-n Murphy,Dean E ``Imagining Life Without Illegal Immigrants’’ New York Times January 11,2004 http://www.wright.edu/~tdung/ Immigrants.htm

Skills And Their Importance Education Essay

IntroductionSkill is an art of finishing work in a clip frame. It includes creativeness, work outing a job and managing clip. Different people have different accomplishments but one of the accomplishments is acknowledging the accomplishments they possess. Pull offing clip, organic structure linguistic communication, pass oning with people, reading are some of the type of accomplishments. Skills are required to assist ourselves for work outing different jobs that comes in our life and to acquire success in our life. There ‘s two type of accomplishment General Skills: Time direction, leading and capable of working in a squad, pass oning decently, reading, composing are some of the general accomplishment which is really indispensable for people. Specific Skills: Beyond general accomplishments or the accomplishment they have which are non common are specific accomplishments. Example Engineer. These types of accomplishments are non possessed by everyone. Movable accomplishments: The accomplishments which we have are used to bring forth another accomplishment is known movable accomplishments. Example if person has a accomplishment to play Similarly I do hold some accomplishments which are assisting in my day-to-day life though I need to larn some more accomplishments which would assist me for acquiring successful in life. I do hold a accomplishment for squad work and clip direction, reading, playing football and to make in writing designing and make some designs. In other manus, `I do lack communicating accomplishment. As I am foreign pupil here and English is non my first linguistic communication so I do hold job in speech production in English sometime. So I truly need to better my communicating accomplishment. I need to be advanced so that I can bring forth new thoughts which would profit me and the universe every bit good. 1.2 You will bring forth a proficient papers that could be used in an organisation utilizing at least two appropriate movable accomplishments Employers are ever looking for alumnuss who can rapidly suit in to their organisation and green goods added value for their company. The alumnus who is flexible and can accommodate easy is most likely to accomplish success both for the company and for themselves. Movable Skills are extremely valued by employers. So student should take the opportunity to develop these accomplishments at every chance in their degree class. There are many different movable accomplishments that should be possessed by a individual which could be used in an organisation. Some of them are listed below General Skills Academic Skills Interpersonal Skills Motor accomplishments Innovation skills & A ; Developing thoughts IT competency Self-motivation, self-regulation and confidence In modern universe, about everything rely on computing machine as it helps people in making work more easy, merely and systematic. It besides helps in making work fast so it saves clip. Presents even in school from basic degree pupil are taught computing machine. So people should hold at least cognition of utilizing some package like MS-office, which helps a batch in day-to-day life. So these accomplishments can be used in administration. As a administration has tonss of informations to be sent, saved and made. So making this full thing in computing machine makes it easier, simpler and systematic. Example In an organisation many information has to be sent and received and if these information are sent by station so it takes clip but if use electronic mail, information ‘s can be sent within a few seconds.so IT competency is one of the movable accomplishments that can be used in an organisation. Second most of import movable accomplishments that can be used in an organisation are interpersonal accomplishment. Internal personal includes hearing, composing and talking. If a individual has a wont of listening to the talks in category in pupil life, discoursing the subject in category and making his assignment so, this sort of interpersonal accomplishments can be transferred in future. So subsequently he would be accustomed to this accomplishment and would be taking active engagement in meeting and seminar by listening to other ‘s idea and expresses his thoughts excessively. It helps to do programs and patterned advance of an organisation. As I work portion clip in a hotel as a housekeeper. There are some accomplishments I need to possess to execute my work. First I need to be punctual and be at that place in work at clip. Second, as I work with 2 other co-worker to finish the undertaking. I need to work as a squad. And I have team participant accomplishments which is assisting me at the minute in the work. 1.3You will warrant why it is of import to hold good movable accomplishments and the ability to pass on these across a broad audience. Movable accomplishments mean the accomplishments which we have and that accomplishment is transferred or used in making other work. It is of import to hold good movable accomplishments because it helps us making new work. Example if we are a good squad participant we can reassign our that accomplishment in occupation which would truly profit us really much because in work topographic point we meet different type of people and different people think otherwise so we should be able to work together with other people to run a office decently. Likewise if person is a director in a workplace so he should be able to take the people otherwise there may be a job and the direction can non travel smooth. Likewise if we have good mass communicating accomplishments so we can affect people by our words and ideas. And we would be able to show yourself to the universe. If we have good accomplishments in acquisition and reading, so we will be able to cognize other ‘s thought and with the aid of that thoughts we have create new different thought. Example Newton had created three Torahs which are used in scientific discipline for making many different things. So it has helped scientific discipline in many ways. Similarly, we need to hold movable accomplishments like Self-motivation Self-regulation Self-assurance Time direction If we have self motive accomplishments, it will ever take us to development. Example when we are in school, if we do n't acquire good classs at first so we need to hold self motive accomplishments to analyze more earnestly so that we can acquire good consequences following clip. And if we are able to get this accomplishment so we can subsequently reassign this accomplishment in different topographic point in workplace so that we would be able to make convey positive alteration and receive benefit from it. In other manus, clip direction is really of import accomplishment that everybody should possess because if we ca n't be able to pull off clip so we ca n't make anything. Example in a pupil life, we need to pull off clip for analyzing and excess course of study activities. This is every bit of import for our cognition and personality development. Equally good as, if we can be able to pull off clip so it will assist us in future.As everyone knows clip does n't wait for anybody and one time the chance is gone so the same chance ne'er comes back once more. And to be successful in life we need to be able to cognize the importance of clip. Example when we have to achieve some meeting and we if we do n't be able to be in clip we wo n't be able to discourse about the topic and decision. So it is really of import to hold movable accomplishments and which would profit us and to other people as good.

Thermoelectric generator

Plantation for providing the necessary infrastructure out this project successfully. I also thank Dry. S. Maryanne, Dean, School of Mechanical & Building Sciences for his support and continuously encouragement in completing the project. I express my genuine indebtedness to Mr.. C. Rammers Kumar, Senior Assai. Lecturer, School of Mechanical & Building Sciences whose whole hearted guidance and valuable suggestions throughout this project helped us in completing it successfully, without which the project would not have attained a fine and final shape.I would also like to express our gratitude to all faculty members of the school for their timely encouragement and thought provoking suggestion to pursue our work. Last but not he least, we would like to thank all those who were directly and indirectly helped us in completion of this project. CHAPTER: I 1. 0 Introduction Man's constant evolution couldn't have been possible without fuels. Society is putting more emphasis on the mobile transp ortation sector to achieve future goals of sustainability and on low thermal efficiencies of ICC engine.About 60% of heat-energy liberated during combustion of fuel is not utilized in producing useful work and getting dumped into the atmosphere daily. To achieve these goals, society needs to jump to a new method to recover the lost part of exhaust energy. The recovering of heat from exhaust gases in automobiles is a typical area of generating steam (or) electricity using W. H. R. B. * (or) Thermoelectric. It depends on the basic principle of ‘Speck Effect'.It would be useful to demonstrate the potential of thermoelectric generation in the automobile industry using Thermoelectric Generator (Tee's). A thermoelectric generator, which can be driven by the temperature difference, incorporates fins into a thermopile to conduct heat toward or away from the alternating spaces between adjacent layers of different types of thermoelectric material. Vehicles are becoming more electrified and the higher electrical demands under nearly all driving conditions are required.On board electrical energy management and storage systems are more prevalent. TEE'S provides source of additional electrical power without increasing fuel consumption. The study reveals that about 6% of the exhaust energy can be taped from the exhaust there by increasing the thermal efficiency. It can be used to increase the overall efficiency of the engine without increasing the fuel consumption and thus there would be a separate source of the electricity that a vehicle needs for keeping its battery charged and for erring all of its on-board electric circuits. W. H. R. B. = Waste heat recovery boiler 1. 1 Problem Specification To design and fabricate the Thermo Electric Generator and its various components. To test the TAG under various conditions when used on Marti 800 standing engine. 1. 2 Objective To design the TAG and its various components using Silkworms (CAD) designing software and to fabrica te the same using various manufacturing processes. Then the manufactured model is tested for efficiency , power output under various conditions when tested with Marti 800 standing engine.CHAPTER: II 2 Literature Survey 2. 1 Thermoelectric Principle The Thermoelectric principle though established for long back found application only to the field of sensor industry. But recent advances in materials, especially in semi conductors have paved way for applications to the field of power generation. This project studies the application of Thermo electrics as a waste heat recovery solution in vehicles and their potential for the future. 2. 2 Speck Effect The Speck effect is the conversion of temperature differences directly into electricity.This effect was first discovered, accidentally, by the German-Estonian physicist Thomas Johann Speck in 1821 . He found that a voltage existed between wow ends of a metal bar when a temperature difference AT existed in the bar. Fig. 1. 3 – Speck ef fect AS and SUB are the Speck coefficients of the metals A and B, and TTL and TO are the temperatures of the two Junctions. The Speck coefficients are non-linear, and depend on the conductors' absolute temperature, material, and molecular structure.If the Speck coefficients are effectively constant for the measured temperature range, the above formula can be approximated as: Thus, a thermocouple works by measuring the difference in potential caused by the dissimilar wires. It can be used to measure a temperature difference directly, or to assure an absolute temperature, by setting one end to a known temperature. Several thermocouples in series are called a thermopile. This is also the principle at work behind thermal diodes and thermoelectric generators (such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators or Arts) which are used for creating power from heat differentials. . 3 Semiconductor Based Thermoelectric Though the thermo-electric principle was established in the early 19th century , it was only after mid-20th Century advancements in semiconductor technology, however, that practical applications for thermoelectric devices became feasible. Semi- inducting materials, (in conjunction with copper inter-connecting pads), have been found to offer the best combination of Speck coefficient, electrical resistively, and thermal conductivity.Semi-conducting materials provide another benefit, the ability to use electrons or â€Å"holes† (the absence of an electron in a crystal matrix) to conduct current. This last property is useful in assembling many thermoelectric Junctions in series to reduce the overall current flow in the device to manageable levels. 2. 4 Thermoelectric Modules (TEEMS) Bismuth Telluride-based thermoelectric modules are designed primarily for cooling r combined cooling and heating applications where electrical power creates a temperature difference across the module.By using the modules â€Å"in reverse,† however, whereby a temperature d ifferential is applied across the faces of the module, it is possible to generate electrical power. Although power output and generation efficiency are presently low, useful power often may be obtained where a source of heat is available. 2. 5 Teems for Power Generation Thermoelectric (ET) energy conversion for power generation is based on the â€Å"Speck effect†, where a temperature difference, TTS-TTS, across two dissimilar legs of nonconductor material produces a voltage, Avocado.This voltage is equal to the Speck coefficient of the material, a, times the temperature difference across the device. The dissimilar legs of semiconductor material, one p-type and one n-type, are called a thermoelectric couple. The p- and n-legs are Joined by an electrically conducting material at the p-n Junction. A thermoelectric module consists of a series of p-n couples, which are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. Electrically insulating material separates the electr ical connectors from the heat source and sink.When a temperature gradient is applied across the couple, the negatively charged electrons, e-, in the n-leg and the positively charged holes, h+, in the p-leg move from the heat source to the heat sink, conducting heat to the cold base. This flow of electrons and holes causes separation in an initially uniform charge carrier distribution, which results in a current flow, l, in the couple. A thermoelectric module used for power generation has certain similarities to a conventional thermocouple. With no load, the open circuit voltage as measured between points a and b is: V = a.AT Where: V is the output voltage from the couple (generator) in volts a is the average Speck coefficient in volts/K AT is the temperature difference across the couple in K where When a load is connected to the thermoelectric couple the output voltage (V) drops as a result of internal generator resistance. The current through the load is: ‘load = (a . I is th e generator output current in amperes RCA is the average internal resistance of the thermoelectric couple in ohms the load resistance in ohms The total heat input to the couple (Sq) is: Sq The . L) – (0. 5. 12 . + (KC .CAT) Sq is the heat input in watts Kc is the thermal conductance of the couple in watts/K couple in K 2. 6 Module Selection The is the hot side of the The selection of the appropriate module for power generation with required voltage and current output was done on the basis of literature survey and was found that bismuth telluride module best suited to our condition because of its high efficiency and high operating temperature. Bismuth Telluride module was used because of its easy availability, low cost and low operating temperature range with a considerable efficiency.Material used for fabricating the outer frame is Cast Iron of 5 mm thickness, Cast Iron is used because of its cheap and easy availability. Outer Frame structure made on Solid Works Real time out er frame Full Assembly of the Chamber After the frame was manufactured, it was connected to the main setup as shown low, The setup included the catalytic converter attached to the Marti 800 engine. The inlet to the frame (TAG) is attached to the exit of the catalytic converter and the exit of the frame is to release the final exhaust gas to the atmosphere through a pipe.Here heat energy is converted into electric energy using thermoelectric module and therefore two plates are used in this experimental setup one is hot which is in direct contact with the exhaust gases flowing through the frame on one side and the other side of hot plate modules are placed and the other plate is cold plate which is assembled with cooling chamber as shown below, Hot plate used here is Aluminum of 5 mm thickness, one of which side is connected to frame exposed to exhaust gases directly.The picture below is the hot plate when modules are attached to it with the interface pads in between to increase the t hermal conductivity and to reduce the thermal resistance between the plate and the module. The cold plate which is assembled with cooling chamber is shown below, After connecting all this plates and module the entire frame structure is made to stand connected to the engine as shown above in one of the figure, and below shows he final completed set up with the exhaust pipe connected to the frame.