Founding Fathers of Psychology Essay

These four men that we are about to talk about are some of the, if not the most important people in psychology. One developed psychology as a school of thought and published the first book on the subject which opened the door for another to develop his theories. Years after the book came out another thinker was inspired to look into the human mind and this time with a more scientifically critical mind and approach, there was a common reason people had problem, he just was not positive what. This lead two of his students to move on and one focus on the individual versus what the majority has a problem with and made sure that treatment focused on them. The second looked more in depth into what naturally came into our subconscious and how that affected us and our development. These were the non-official founding fathers of psychology. This man never even practiced medicine yet, after graduating from Harvard he went on to become an influential person in psychology (Stone, 2000). In addition to many other things that William James did to help with the field of psychology, especially the psychological aspects of religion he also dabbled in the use of scientific methods to investigate the mostly untouched spiritual and psychic realm. He was also the first one to fight for psychology to be recognized as a science, everyone after him has him to thank for the distinction as a science (Croce, 2010). The way he fought was just a more unorthodox way of going about it, he did not even like to be called psychologist, in fact he preferred the term philosopher (Goodwin, 2008). He eventually developed a position that would become the foundation for the functional psychologists, this was known as pragmatism. This was based on the belief that a person had control over what they do and life changes those experiences. This lead to a book that would change the way people looked at psychology as something to take seriously, the Principles of Psychology became the first text book type publication on this subject which led to people like Sigmund Freud and others to develop their theories as well. Freud is one of the most famous of them all, when anyone thinks of psychology that has not looking in depth into its history will always think of Freud. Freud was not all the way people portray him either if something seemed to be too damaging for his patient it was stopped (Chessick, 2000). Psychoanalysis is hard on everyone on the situation because it digs deep into what makes a person act the way they do. Freud was said to have a unique approach to his patients for his time frame. He realized that when a person learns something new or experiences something new it does indeed change something about that person, he also knew that the past had something do with it and that there were layers of consciousness to a person that has an effect as well. He made them a part of their therapy and listened to what they wanted out of their therapy instead of dictating to them what they should do with themselves (Frank, 2008). He wanted his patients to be able to be free with themselves and learning their own hindrances that may keep them from doing something that they should be doing with themselves. He wanted them to be their own person and not held back by whatever has brought them to him. Freud himself focused more on assigning a general reason for people to behave the way they did which is what influenced his students to branch out. Alfred Adler joined Freud’s psychoanalytic movement in 1902, but he left the group in 1911 because of persistent disagreements with Freudian theory (Overholser, 2010). This approach that Adler created was called the Individualistic approach this approach focuses solely on the patient and what experiences have shaped them over the course of their life. This is one of the most in depth ways to psychoanalyze people, realizing the perceived flaw in Freud’s theory; he took a look at what made the individual unique and how that changed their human experience. This helps improve the one so that eventually that one will go out into society and become responsible for themselves and each other as good members of it. Adler continued to believe that Freud had made a point by looking back at ones childhood for answers but rather than focusing on the sexual root to the problem, he focused on the feelings that came out of a situation (Lafountain, 2009). For example, if one grew up afraid to take charge of situations because someone else always did it for them, they could have trouble later in life trying to be in charge of themselves or other people. After studying with Freud he went on to focus on how society affects an individual and how that individual functions in society. He believed there were three things a person needed to accomplish in life to be a healthy socially minded person. First is the task of finding how to survive, a job, maintaining ones house, the responsible things. Second is cooperating and being civil as well as respectful to society. Third are intimate relationships, having children, friends, a spouse. All three of these were crucial to being a normally functioning person in society (Lafountain, 2010). Basically a person is unique in nearly all aspects of their life and that needs to be taken into account in each and every case from psychology to teaching because not everyone is going to fit together well. Carl Jung, as with Adler was inspired and influenced by Freud in the early years of his career and as with that came the eventual disagreement and him going his separate way. He redefined some of terms that we are more familiar with today. He gave us the terms; introvert, extrovert, conscious, unconscious, collective unconscious, persona, archetype, and more importantly psyche. These were terms to simplify and classify different processes going on in the brain at any given moment, one of the other more important and less verifiable is the theory of collective unconsciousness, this is the belief that collectively humans have a psychological knowledge that they can draw on that is inherent in our genetic make-up (Carter, 2011). This was closely followed by the archetypes which without collective unconscious as a theory would not be feasible, the archetypes are what those thoughts are made up of in the collective unconscious, something like innate nature that says we are inherently supposed to fear things that would do us harm. Studying this brings out what is instinctual in humans versus what is something that they are aware of doing, much like Freud’s subconscious thought theory. Both agreed that there are things that are in humans that are unconscious and just happen and those needed to be studied and understood as well (Carter, 2010). Jungian followers believed that like Freud dreams had meaning but in Jung’s school this allowed the person analyzing the dreams to free associate the meaning based off of their own knowledge of mythology and life versus what would be from the person who is being analyzed own life. The thought was that collective unconscious would make the analyst come to the correct conclusion based on unconscious thoughts going back and forth between the two. These four individuals shaped psychology as what it is today, they both indirectly and directly influenced each other even when some of them never met and history has diminished their accomplishments. James started it all with the mind of a philosopher who enjoyed the concreteness of what science proved but also the mystery of what it left open. Freud was a philosopher who thought more as a scientist and therefore opened the idea that the brain has hidden information in it that needed to be discovered to learn what makes a person themselves. This led Jung and Adler to take his ideals and expand on them where they agreed and where they disagreed. Without them psychology would not be where it is today and you can see little bits of what they contributed throughout its history.

Difference between memory and knowledge Essay

Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience. It’s a very complex system and to understand it there have been many theories that attempt to explain it. In order to help me answer this question, I will look at the theorist JM Gardiner, along with other theorists such as Tulving, Mandler and Schacter in order to help me conclude if they are the same thing, inter-related or completely different. Tulving (1985), distinguished between two quite different recollective experiences: remembering, which is someone’s concrete awareness of oneself (autonoetic consciousness) in the past, which is driven by the prefrontal cortex, allows people to mentally represent past, present, and future experiences in a highly personal and subjective manner. And knowing, which is your abstract knowledge (noetic consciousness) of the past, which is the feeling that we know certain information and that the information is objective rather than subjective. Gardiner and colleagues (Gardiner & Java, 1990, 1993; Gardiner, Richardson-Klavhen, & Ramponi, 1997) developed a test in which participants are given a recognition task for a list of common words viewed earlier and classify each of the recognized items as something they remember (R response) or know (K response), was on the study list. Participants received detailed instructions so that their R responses and K responses reflect retrieval from episodic and semantic memory. For example, participants are told to make R responses to test items that they can consciously reexperience from the study list (e.g., participants make R responses to test items because in their mind’s eye, they consciously recollect seeing those words on the study list). In contrast, participants are told to make K responses to test items if they (a) are certain those were on the study list but (b) have no specific personal or contextual recollection of the items’ previous presentation. The use of this technique has shown that some independent variables (e.g., dividing attention at study) affect the frequency of R, but not K, responses, whereas other variables have the exact opposite influence. Memory of a personal life event may be categorized as a K response, which is  relatively impersonal and objective. A memory qualifies as a K response if people know a great deal about the details of a previous event but do not mentally reexperience the exact perceptual, contextual, and emotional details of the original event. Gardiner’s remember-know distinction maps are similar to that of Mandler’s (1980) distinction between recognition by retrieval and recognition by familiarity. Recognition by retrieval involves remembering an event as an event, including the personal, time and place context in which the event occurred; in contrast, recognition by familiarity involves a feeling that some event occurred in the past, in the absence of conscious recollection of that event. For Gardiner, Remember judgments reflect recognition by retrieval, while Know judgments reflect recognition by familiarity. An alternative framework is provided by Schacter’s (1987) distinction between explicit and implicit memory. The hippocampus is important in the formation of explicit memories. They involve the conscious recollection of an experience from the past. Due to the hippocampus not fully developing until about the age of 3, this explains why we can’t remember events prior to this, a condition known as infantile amnesia. The cerebellum seems important in the formation of implicit memories which are memory-based changes in behaviour that occur independent of, and in the classic case in the absence of, conscious recollection. Contexual information can be defined as information associated with memory which enables that memory to be distinguished from all others. Hewitt (1973) proposed a distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic context. A change in intinsic arises when some aspect of the target changes (ie the colour of their hair), whereas a change in extrinsic is the change in information accompanying the target (ie meeting someone in somewhere you wouldn’t expect them to be). In Gardiner’s case, remembering reflects explicit memory, while knowing reflects implicit memory. There are at least three varieties of recollective experience: firstly remembering which involves the conscious recollection of some past event, as an explicit expression of episodic memory; knowing which is the abstract  knowledge of that event, as an item in semantic memory; and feeling is the intuition that an event occurred in the past, as an implicit expression of episodic memory. So for example, semantic memory enables a man to know what the term birthday refers to and that he celebrated his last birthday by having dinner at a particular restaurant with his wife, whereas episodic memory allows that same man to reexperience from a personal and subjective point of view the sights, sounds, smells, and feelings that accompanied that dinner. Metamemory is our ability to know whether or not our memories contain a particular piece of information. An example might be failing to recall the capital of France (Paris) but knowing that you would recognise it if you saw it – this is an ability known as a feeling of knowing. These experiences are familiar to anyone who has ever taken a multiple-choice test. Sometimes, we choose a response because we remember the circumstances under which we learnt it. Or on other occasions, we choose a response because we just know the answer, it’s part of our knowledge about the world, and we don’t remember the circumstances under which we learned the answer. Tulving and Gardiner believe that remember and know judgments are based on retrieval from different memory systems: episodic and semantic memory, perhaps, or explicit and implicit memory. However, it could also be that â€Å"remember† and â€Å"know† are based on retrieval from a single memory system, and that the categories of remember, know, and so forth are substitutes for different levels of confidence associated with the recognition judgments. Both Tulving (1985) and Gardiner (1988) have rejected this interpretation, even though Tulving actually gathered evidence favouring it. Tulving’s subjects studied 36 words, and then made Yes/No recognition judgments, confidence ratings (on a 3 point scale), and Remember/Know ratings. The average confidence rating associated with Remember judgments was 2.74, while that of Know judgments was 2.08. However, Gardiner & Java (1990) argued that confidence ratings affect Remember/Know judgments. People may base their confidence ratings on their recollective experience, so that the two are not independent. In their 2nd  experiment, the subjects studied 60 items, 30 words and 30 non words, and then made Yes/No recognition judgments followed by Remember/Know ratings. The result was a double dissociation: more words received remember than know judgments, while the reverse was true for nonwords. In the 3rd experiment which was identical to the 2nd, except the people being tested classified recognized items into â€Å"Sure† and â€Å"Unsure† categories. This time there was no dissociation. Rajaram (1993) performed a similar pair of experiments, with similar results, and came to same conclusion. Substituting Sure/Unsure ratings for Remember/Know judgments got rid of the dissociations observed with Remember/Know, so both Gardiner and Java (1990) and Rajaram (1993) conclude that Remember/Know is not merely a substitute for confidence. Although the Remember/Know distinction is commonly interpreted in terms of different memory systems, it is suspected instead that these different memories reflect retrieval of different information from a single common store. Know judgments require retrieval only of information from a list, while remember judgments seem to require retrieval of information about spatiotemporal context, and you need to experience the event yourself. Knowing and remembering something are very similar, the definition of to know is to have fixed in the mind, recognize and have experience of, and the definition of remember is to retain in memory, to think of again. In order to know something it can be quite impersonal, general information about things such as the is the prime minister, this is the semantic memory, however in order to remember something you need to know specific details about the event such as going on holiday, you remember the sights and sounds and the feelings you experienced, this is the episodic memory. In order to remember you need to be able to retrieve information, remember an event as an event, whereas to know you need to just be familiar with it, have a feeling that some event may have occurred before. So to say there is a difference between knowing and remembering something is hard, there are clear cut differences as explained, however without one we couldn’t have the other, they are inter-related. It is all the same memory system in which we use to know or to remember something. It is the different  processes and different levels of experience or relation to you that makes them different. References †¢Gardiner, J.M., & Java, R.I. (1990). Recollective experience in word and nonword recognition. Memory & Cognition, 18, 23-30. †¢Memory and amnesia, 2nd edition, Alan J Parker, page 17-18,33, 36,116†¢Memory observed, remembering in natural contexts, 2nd edition, Ulric Neisser, Ira E. Hayman, jr. Page 109†¢Psychology powerpoint – Memory II – Lecture 3: Theories of Short and Long Term Memory, 2005, University of Glamorgan. †¢Rybash, John M.; Monaghan, Brynn E, Episodic and semantic contributions to older adults’ autobiographical recall, The Journal of General Psychology. 126 no1 (Jan. ’99) p. 85-96. †¢Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 501-518. †¢Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press. †¢Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 1-12. †¢Your Memory A user’s guide, Alan Baddeley, Page 13, 75-76,81,94-95,

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Business plan - Essay Example The gaming room will have approximately fifty computers for the gamers, as well as play stations while they can also have refreshments, although high alcoholic drinks will not be served at the counter. This is because the equipment at the bar is sensitive and drunken gamers could destroy them. In addition, the bar will also provide game discs, consoles, and information at reasonable prices, which, together with the excellent service that will be provided, will be the core point for the bar. The staff at the bar will be expected to be gaming enthusiasts, and they will be trained by professional players in order to offer better service. Game heaven expects to have its own website for promotional activities where clients can interact and set up games. Industry Analysis The idea for starting Game Heaven came from the fact that more and more individuals who want to play the battle arena video games. However, despite the increasing interest in this game, there are no battle arena video gam e and sports bars, around the Birmingham area. Game Heaven is going to have to serve several sectors of the market. In the sports and gaming bar industry, it is important to have a family atmosphere where the gamers feel part of an exclusive group (Rail, 2011: p300). In addition, it will serve several uses, such as watching big games, gaming tournaments, and personal gaming time. The bar also plans to begin offering light food, although the dining areas will be separated from the â€Å"family† by a wall. However, wherever one sits, there will be a big screen TV showing games, whether cricket, football, or rugby, especially since the plan involves having multiple screens in these areas. The business will face regulatory issues, especially with regards to employee wages, liquor licenses for the big matches, local ordinances, building permits, and others that could be of effect to the business (Rail, 2011: p301). Objectives Management at Game Heaven is confident that it has the ability to replicate its success with the plain Sports bar concept into an e-sports bar concept. It has established several objectives: Have at least two stores operational by the end of the second year Sales of approximately ?150,000 in its initial year A net profit margin of 35% Net profit margins of approximately 14% Maintain a tight control on operations, as well as costs, by hiring quality staff, while also making use of automated control Keep beverage costs under 30% Select additional locations on the basis of meeting success parameters Grow the location to a ?1 to ?2 million yearly business. Mission Game Heaven UK will strive to become the premier e-sports themed bar in the Birmingham area. Our goal is to stay ahead of competitors, as well as allowing clients to enjoy their leisure time the best way we can. In addition, the bar will provide more computers and more screens showing more matches than all other sports bars in the Birmingham area. Game Heaven UK provides audio con trol, which is state-of-the-art at all computer and play stations, as well as in TV areas that allow the customer enjoy their gaming and watching experience without background noise interference. Through a combination of atmosphere, quality service, ambiance, and menu selection, to create a valuable and excellent entertainment experience. Keys to Success In order to achieve Game Heaven UK’s goals, the bar will seek to: Give quality service

Managing change and innovation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing change and innovation - Research Paper Example Innovation is a new way of doing something. Innovation could be a result of incremental or evolutionary process or it could be result of some radical or revolutionary process. Change and innovation are closely related to each other and most of the times are coupled with each other during usage. Dubai has become a center of attraction for many reasons like businesses, tourism, shopping, luxurious hotels etc. There are many unique things about Dubai that are available very rarely in other parts of the worlds at one place. With so much going on in the city, the basic facilities provided by the Government of Dubai need to be matching with the other factors as well. Amongst the basic facilities that are government’s responsibility, health is probably the most important factor to take care of. Dubai has state-of-the-art facilities in health fields which are very fitting if compared with the advancements made in other fields. Different hospitals working under the Department of Health and Medical Services (DOHMS) like Al-Wasl hospital, Dubai Hospital, Rashid hospital etc. not only have very nice facilities available but they are also working to keep up with the pace of research and development in the field of medicine. New researches are applied to make sure the cure and prevention methods are applied to maximum use. Dubai is part of oil-rich country United Arab Emirates. Oil-richness is a good enough feature for the rest of the world to be renowned for but in a matter of few decades, Dubai has transformed itself. Now it has earned a distinction of a city which is a home to great international businesses and a tourism favorite. Dubai is a dynamic city with ever-growing net of tall buildings and facilities that attract many businesses towards it. Dubai is a modern cosmopolitan city and it has a mixture of multiple ethnicities that live in a very well-coordinated manner. Dubai is considered to

Use r(which is a software) stata or excel to do the assignment - 1

Use r(which is a software) stata or excel to do the - Assignment Example This supports the model, which supposes that education is a factor of labor production The scatter plot assumes a downhill pattern as we move from left to right. As the values in the horizontal axis increase, those in the vertical axis decrease. The trend line drawn also depicts a negative linear association with outliers on either side. The data are scattered all over indicating a t-statistics of less than 0.5 hence weak correlation detected. From the analysis, showing the strong correlation and positive relationship, one can conclude that there is a possible association between education and labor production in any country. This supports the model, which supposes that education is a factor of labor production. The analysis supports the theory that level of education is not a factor for infant mortality. In which case, education only serves as a growth factor and not as a factor which can reduce the number of infants’ deaths. From the scatter plot, the pattern depicted assumes an uphill pattern as we move from left to right. As the values in the horizontal axis increase so do those in the vertical axis. The trend line drawn also depicts a linear association with outliers on either side. Consequently, the aspects show a linear association between the two variables. The cluster also insinuates a t-statistics of more than 5 hence the strong correlation detected. This analysis supports the theory that there is a possibility of relationship between higher levels of education and domestic saving rates. The scatter plots drawn above, shows that levels of education act as one of the major factors influencing growth in a country. First, the possibility of its relation to domestic savings rate shows that a country with greater level of education is likely to witness growth. This is because the increased savings put a country in a better place for exploiting every opportunity that proves beneficial towards growth. Further,

English colonization on the indigenous peoples of the New World in the Research Paper

English colonization on the indigenous peoples of the New World in the 16th and 17th centuries - Research Paper Example In ancient times the concept of colony is found in Greek city states. According to Toynbee apart from Athens and Sparta, all the Greek city states established their colonies on different parts. Greek city states developed colonies in order to fulfill the needs of their growing population1. Modern era of colonialism is normally associated with the discovery of America in 1492 by Columbus. Spain established its colonies in the New World and shortly afterwards other European countries followed the suit. The fall of Spain gave place to England and France to fight for the new found world along with already known world of India and Africa. In this fight between the two European powers, England prevailed. English colonies were established worldwide and they boasted that sun never set on the British Empire. American history begins with the clash of Europeans and Native American people. The above statement is true for modern times, which ignores the past of New World. Archeology has revealed the old world of America but normally it is ignored and least discussed. For current purpose the focus will be on the 16th and 17th centuries. The Native Americans, who first came into contact with Europeans, had their culture and values. They used to speak some 300 to 350 distinct languages and different ways of living. The Aztecs and Incas were two great empires of this New World and their remains testify the greatness achieved by these empires. These native people first faced Spanish settlers. The sheer power and brute force humbled the indigenous population and this was the method, which was to be used by later colonial powers. English settlers tried their luck at the East and there the indigenous population despite its variation lived in similar ways. They depended on agriculture, which was done by female population. Indigenous population did not keep herds of domestic animals and Male population used to hunt and fish. They used to live in family groups but loyal to larger kin and clan. There used to be one chief, who ruled by consent. The first major impact of colonialism on indigenous population was epidemic diseases. The life style of local population was different as they never kept herds and never lived with animals. On the other hand Europeans and Asian used to live near their domestic animals. The diseases, which were spread in the local population, resulted in the death of countless people. Mann says that "what happened after Columbus was like a thousand kudzus everywhere." "Throughout the hemisphere," he wrote, "ecosystems cracked and heaved like winter ice."2 Estimates of the population of the Americas at the time Columbus arrived have varied enormously. Some have argued that existing estimates of a high pre-Columbian indigenous population are rooted in a bias against aspects of Western civilization and/or Christianity. The indigenous population in 1492 was not necessarily at a high point, and may have already been in decline. Indigenous populat ions in most areas of the Americas reached a low point by the early twentieth century, and in a number of cases started to climb again. Native Americans suffered profoundly because of their remoteness from the rest of the world. Europe, Africa, and Asia had been trading knowledge and technologies for centuries. Societies on all three continents had learned to use iron and kept herds of domestic

Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law - Assignment Example In such a way, fair use doctrine allows for copyrighted material oftentimes displayed for specific purposes without the necessity of acquiring permission from the right holder. 3. trade secret Trade secret necessarily first you process, practice, formula, design, or other instrument or pattern which can be understood to be directly related to the means by which an economic advantage is leveraged within the company. Oftentimes, such trade secrets or confidential; however, they are protected under a different type of United States law as compared to classified information. 4. easement An easement refers to a specific right to utilize the property of another without ultimately having ownership. In this way, it can best be defined as a right of way. 5. adverse possession Adverse possession be understood as the process by which a given property changes ownership. In such a manner, the title to another individual’s property can oftentimes be seen without direct compensation. In such a way, the growth and development of squatter’s rights have, to be evidenced. 6. bailment Bailment is a defined as a type of transfer of personal property with one individual to another. Most commonly, the surprises when property is given to another individual process of safekeeping it is born out of an independent contract. 7. intestacy Intestacy is designed as situation in which individual passes away only more property than the sum of all their debts and/work funeral expenses and without making it will provide the declaration of what should be done with their belongings when they pass. 8. insurable interest Insurable interest in defined as an interest in which the insurer has a specific level of interest or other type of benefit with existence of such an object. In this way individual has insurable interest in something as long as loss or damage of this particular good would consequently serve type of financial loss stop 9. security interest Security interest can ultimate ly be understood as a type of agreement for cooperation of law over assets that help to ensure that the security of an obligation will ultimately be performed. 10. perfection (Article 9) Article 9 of the uniform code governs the way in which interests may be obtained on certain types personal property as a means of securing debt. Ultimately, this particular article defines the way in which the owner of the collateral is responsible for interacting with the holder of the collateral that is ultimately paid off. 11. commercial paper This ultimately refers to the type of unsecured promissory note with a fixed maturity date. In this way, commercial paper is often a type of non-monetized security that is sold by corporations in order to rapidly create short-term debt in order to meet current needs. 12. holder in due course Holder in due course is with reference to a commercial law that seeks to provide a level of protection to the purchaser of debt. The doctrine helps to insulate the purc haser against charges that the other party in the transaction may hold against the purchaser. 13. accommodation party An accommodation party is a type of surety bond or other type of guarantee that serves as a promise between one party and another that debt collection will be assured in the event that the borrower defaults. 14. presentment warranty The present but warranty refers to an implied promise with regards to the

The report is write about Poma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The report is write about Poma - Essay Example The analysis concludes that essential for management to lead the change process through setting the trend rather than simply giving instructions. The contemporary business community faces a myriad of changes most in various sectors ranging from economic, political, and technological development. These have forced many companies to initiate change accordingly in order to remain competitive and relevant. One of the companies that have been on the forefront of change implementation is Poma; a cable transport company established in 1936. Throughout its extensive history, Poma has developed a reputation for being a reliable partner in the cable transport industry with bases of operations every continent (Poma, n.d). Because of its diversified operative portfolio, this company has had to undergo numerous changes to ensure that, it not only keeps up with the changes taking place across the globe, but also is also always capable of fulfilling the needs of its customers. Despite its determination to remain flexible, Poma has faced numerous handicaps since change is neither easy spontaneous to achieve. Consequently, it is always necess ary to make a study of the change process to ensure that all the variables affecting it have been taken into consideration. This paper seeks to consider a wide range of factors that are likely to affect the effective implementation of change at Poma, and determine whether it is possible for this company to continue its evolution through direct engagement with its employees and other stakeholders. Poma is an international company that has to deal with individuals from diverse cultures and this creates a situation where it has to be as flexible as possible in order to ensure that all the changes necessary for its continued progress are effectively implemented. To this end, establishing an understanding of the company position in the global market is

Building Capacity for Marketing Innovation Essay

Building Capacity for Marketing Innovation - Essay Example It is an established phenomenon that marketers should only concentrate on what is expressively demanded by consumers so as to enhance the firm's profitability. However, the marketing concept does not only require the marketers to evaluate and satisfy the expressed demands of individuals but also dig into the needs that are rarely expressed. The capability for marketing innovation depends upon several internal and external attributes of an organisation. In Chinese society, the willingness and capability of firms to innovate in more difficult because of the differences in external economic and social environment as compared to those of market economies. This paper provides an insight into the notion of innovation in the context of marketing concept. It presents a study into the capability building for marketing innovation in the companies. The paper also sheds light on the concept of capability building for marketing innovation in the context of Chinese market. Innovation is a concept highly misconceived in the context of marketing. Innovation is said to be the most crucial responsibility of companies operating in the competitive environment of 21st century. The concept of innovation encompasses the notion of doing something for the first time or introducing a product into the market that is outright new to the firm as well as the consumers. In the context of marketing, it refers to the marketers' ability to envision new ideas, give it a form of strategy, introduce it to the market and make consumers love it. Innovation is strictly important in the age of global competition where firms are continuously striving to gain a sustainable competitive advantage. A firm does not necessarily have to bring about a drastic change in the organization in order to be 'innovative.' According to Weerawardena, "innovativeness refers to a corporate environment that promotes and supports novel ideas, experimentation and creative processes that may lead to ne w products, techniques or technologies." (2003, p. 18) It all lies in the culture of an organization to encourage people to bring new ideas and promote the willingness for innovation. Innovation is something evidently related with the internal and external environment of any firm. A firm in order to be successful and be able to compete in the market needs to adapt with the environment and any changes taking place in the market. Carrying out new ideas successfully in the business either of manufacturing or services concern shows the innovation. One must know about the trends and changes that have come into the market during the period to innovate accordingly as they both go parallel to each other. (Calantone, Cavusgil and. Zhao, 2002). Innovation is about encouraging new ideas that are to be implemented to the business to compete in the market i.e. innovation of product, business structure, services etc. In the context of marketing concept, innovation primarily lies in coming up with offerings that have never been introduced before to consumer markers. It is about an offering which bears the capacity to stimulate the unexpressed demands of consumers. The core concept of marketing is highly misunderstood to be against the notion of innovation. Marketing does not create barriers in the way of innovation;

Potential Malicious Attacks in ACME Inc Assignment

Potential Malicious Attacks in ACME Inc - Assignment Example One rational motive that managers will use with people who might resist is that the info they supply can facilitate confirm what quantity ought to be spent on defensive measures so as to cut back the likelihood of future attacks. Adopting a diverse computing atmosphere offers important security worth for a few enterprises. Include the impact of recent worm attacks on the concerns of desktop software package decisions. a straightforward way to begin this method is to maneuver the setting organization that doesn't directly support the operating system desktops which don't need applications that area unit solely supported on OS onto an alternate software package or systems. Therefore, in case a malicious-code attack strikes, the desktops that run the choice systems will perform and may scale back the scope and period of the attack. Hackers will access networks that don't seem to be properly secured, thieves may gain entry to the workplace and steal instrumentality or employees may carry the information out of the workplace on movable media. External threats by hackers are expected and also the risks may be reduced through the safety measures mentioned on this website. Internal threats are harder to anticipate however may be equally devastating to your business. Employees could take away information unwittingly or deliberately for gain or revenge. Data can be taken out of the workplace in USB drives, writable CDs or DVDs, mobile phones or MP3 players. These devices can all hold giant amounts of data that may be a discreet means within which unauthorized persons may copy data.

Run on Sentence Essay Example for Free

Run on Sentence Essay Correct each run-on with either (1) a period and a capital letter or (2) a comma (if needed) and the joining word and, but, for, or so. Do not use the same method of correction for every sentence. Some of the run-ons are fused sentences (there is no punctuation between the two complete thoughts), and some are comma splices (there is only a comma between the two complete thoughts). One sentence is correct. 1. Slovakia, a country in eastern Europe, was once ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it is now an independent country. 2. The children in the next car were making faces at other drivers, when I made a face back, they giggled and sank out of sight. 3. Chuck finished reading Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn then he began to take notes for his report. 4. The branches of the tree were bare they made a dark feathery pattern against the orange-pink sunset. 5. Ernest Hemingway drove an ambulance in World War I, he based the novel A Farewell to Arms on that experience. 6. Our class wanted to do something for the earthquake victims, we sent a donation to the Red Cross. 7. My ex-husband hit me just once in our marriage, five minutes later I was packed and walking out the door. 8. Charles Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field in New York on May 20, 1927 thirty-three-and-a-half hours later, he landed in Paris, France, completing the first nonstop transatlantic flight. 9. The average American teenager spends thirty-eight hours a week on schoolwork. the average Japanese teenager spends about sixty. 10. We stocked our backpacks with high-calorie candy bars, and we also brought bags of dried apricots and peaches. 11. Locate and correct the run-ons in the passage that follows. My worst experience of the week was going home for lunch, rather than eating at work. My children didn’t know I was coming, they had used most of the bread. All I had to make a sandwich with were two thin, crumpled pieces of crust. I sat there eating my tattered sandwich and trying to relax, then the telephone rang. It was for my daughter, who was in the bathroom, she was crying over her break-up. When I finally got her to calm down, my twin boys started fighting over their Legos. I was so upset I told them to calm down or I would take their toys away for a month. I’ve learned my lesson, I’ll be eating lunch at work from now on.

The Effects of Colonization on Modern African Cultures Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Colonization on Modern African Cultures Essay In November1884 1885, Europe met for The Berlin Conference in which Africa was sub-divided giving each current European powers a part to govern. This scrabble for Africa was an official degradation of all African future political power and present government. The utilization of African land, resources and people to build European powers was imposing and came with extensive consequences. The new European map sub-divided Africa injudiciously taking no consideration of current languages, traditions or cultures.. The new map brought together different ethnic groups most of which didnt get along leading to wide spread tension. At the time of the Berlin Conference France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were at the height of their power with primary control of Africa. The modern day countries of Africa are based on the politico geographical map drawn up by European powers. The Berlin Conference showed a lack of restraint, morality and comprehension of Africa as a continent. The African people tried to resist the changes with wars that they could not win. The Berlin Conference is better off titled the re-enslavement of the African people. European powers exploited every inch of Land they got their hands on taking natural resources and killing anyone who got in their way. In the scrabble for Africa, Great Britain claimed Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, and Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. The British controlled Nigeria and Ghana as well. France claimed Mauritania, Chad, Gabon and the Republic of Congo. The list continues but among them Belgium and King Leopold II claimed Democratic Republic of Congo. This acquisition was exploitation of Africa at its finest King Leopold II enslaved the Congolese people and used them to mine their natural resources of rubber. This slavery and subsequent abuse led to the death of over 10 million Congolese people. The remarkable part of the Berlin conference are the resulting Berlin Acts Article 34 of the Berlin Act states that any European nation that took possession of an African coast, or named themselves as â€Å"protectorate† of one, had to inform the other powers of the Berlin Act of this action. If this was not done then their claim would not be recognized. Article 34 of the Berlin Act shows Europes blatant superiority complex. At the time of the Berlin conference 80% of Africa was under traditional rule. They took no consideration to even invite any African leaders they simply divided a continent among themselves to avoid blood shed on their side. After the scrabble for Africa there were now 50 countries where thousands of former kingdoms, empires, and states once ruled; the dismemberment of a continent complete. Pre- colonial African government were organized around cultures and ways of life. There were hunter gathers, coastal trading towns and farmers. In that sense few kingdoms grew to be a reflection of Africas old kingdoms like Kemet, Nubia and Mali. In this structure of things lay the problem, Africa was not progressing at the same rate of the European powers the motherland wasnt consumed with ruling the world, it was traditional and modern juxtaposed. This juxtaposition led to Africa being easily divided as there was no centralized scheme of government for the whole continent. Doubting what government could rule an entire continent as varied, and as large as Africa. The European imposition of slicing and dicing was a failure from the beginning for creating an Africa that could stand alone when they had plundered all its resources. Africa has suffered through slavery, civil wars, genocide, apartheid, disease, but its undoing will be the failure to unite while Europe, Asia and America rule the world on its resources. In 2011 the plan for a United Africa has not come through and in light of recent world events will continue to be staled. In 2011 the recolonization of Africa begins again starting with the Paris Conference 2011. In the 2011 Paris conference the Western and European world again came together to discuss matters that affect the African continent. The Paris conference was hosted by the French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister David Cameron. The American secretary of state Hillary Clinton was also present. The topic of discussion was a plan for Libyas economic and political future post leader Muammar Gaddafi; whom was in hiding at the time. Libya is located in North Africa and was an Italian colony from 1911- 1951. In September of 1969 Muammar Gaddafi led a small group against king Idris launching a Libyan revolution. Under the rule of Gaddafi Libya introduced free health care, education and became one of Africas richest countries based on it own natural resource of oil. Libyan life under Gaddafi was not ideal but he did turn Libya into a self sufficient country. In turn Libya clashed with the west especially in the 70s during the oil embargo when the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC. The oil embargo cut of oil to the United States for supplying the Israeli army with weapons this strategic plan was led by Gaddafi. On October 20, 2011 Muammar Gaddafi was murdered in Libya, ending the war with NATO. Gaddafis body paraded and dragged through the streets with no respect. One can not justify his actions in life but he was the lesser of two evils vying for control. What is to come is not democracy it is recolonization. At the Paris Conference in March of 2011British Foreign Secretary William made this ironic statement the world is coming together to support Libyas future. The world coming together as such, doesnt seem to ever included African leaders. At the Paris Conference Algeria was present although many African leaders were not present and dont recognize the Nato enforced National Transitional Council (NTC) as the new government of Libya. In the corridors of the Paris conference post war contracts were already being drafted about infrastructure, resources and above all the vast resource of oil. The countries who have come together at this conference are the same ones who will lay waste to Libyas independence and with it any hope for African Independence. The recolonization has begun, just as it had in 1884. Currently the countries present at the Paris Conference are the same one feeling entitled to a stake in Libyan oil. Libya has the largest oil reserves in Africa estimated at 44 billion barrels. Before the war, Libya was producing about 1.6 million barrels of oil a day. France was its second biggest market, second only to Italy, with over 15 percent of its imports coming from Libyan oilfields. This sums it up, moving forward there will be no peace or a truly independent, self reliant African country the world powers will not allow it, no other continent makes the rest of the world feel in control and superior the way Africa does. If up against the worlds super powers there will never be a fair chance for Africa to stand as long as there are resources that can be exploited. In 2011 there is no such thing as a fair trial and racial equally, there is no humanity, no progress, no change. Africa again drifts backwards further. As a result of Gaddafi never being put on trial many questions will remain unanswered like what really happened in the 1988 bombing over Lockerbie in Scotland of Pan Am flight 103.

ICT Security Issues And Concerns

ICT Security Issues And Concerns ICT security issues and concerns are becoming more prevalent and increasingly complex as the pace of technology implementation continues to accelerate. How this phenomenon has affected the public sector and the private sector in our country. Discuss Each e-government project has its own version of the framework, where elements within the four components may differ according to the individuals agencys business or technical needs. List and explain the function of the components. 1.0 Introduction: ICT is the technology needed for information processing, in general, the use of electronic computers, software applications and communication devices to convert, retrieve, transmit, process, protect and store information from anytime, anywhere. Information and communications technology also known as (ICT) it is the sectors that process information which includes capturing, transmitting, and displaying information using electronic systems. Information communication technology sectors dont stop transforming our everyday life and economy. This sectors Core industries contain: Communications systems contain broadcasting, cable / broadband, telecommunications, and other program that distributes the systems. Computer systems including, network engineering, robotics, electronics, technical support and computer engineering. Software and digital media contains Internet security, web portals, web design, data management, computer animation, simulations, computer games, video games and computer programming. Information communication technology is the technology that needed for information processing such as for the creation, manipulation, storage, retrieval and communication of information. They are of immense value in a world in which there is an information explosion, and where knowledge is complex, ever-changing and cross-disciplinary in nature. Many of the skills of ICT are important aspects of Information Literacy, which relates to the ability to select, organise, analyse and use information effectively. Quick and effective access to information is regarded as essential for everyone in contemporary society; and the ability to construct knowledge from the information gathered has become crucial in Hong Kongs knowledge-based society. Citizens in the 21st century need to understand and be able to use ICT in order to function efficiently in modern society. To maintain the competitiveness of Hong Kong in the world economy, we need to develop interest and nurture talent in our students i n this area. The importance of ICT does not lie in the technology as such, but in its enabling function for access to knowledge and for communication with others. Rapid advances in ICT have continued to drive economic change, restructure businesses, affect education and employment, and contribute significantly to growth and wealth creation. (NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA) 2.0 Answer Question 1: Ways severely harm your businesss effect 2.1 Virus: Computer viruses may be benign and result only in amusement or slight annoyance. The best known examples of such a virus are some versions of the Stoned virus which simply write Your computer is stoned on the monitor. Other viruses are more malignant and malicious, destroying or altering data. Once a virus is active in a host computer, the infection can spread rapidly throughout a network to other systems. A virus may attach itself to other programs and hide in them. Or it may infiltrate the computers operating system. All computer operating systems, (for example, MS- and PCDOS, Unix and Macintosh OS) are vulnerable, some more than others. Viruses enter computer systems from an external software source. Just as flowers are attractive to the bees that pollinate them, virus host programs are deliberately made attractive to victims. Often the attraction will be a new game made available for downloading from a computer bulletin board. Or it may be disguised as an executable file attached to an electronic mail message from a friend or business associate. Aside from viruses, there are other threats to user systems, including: Worm and Logic Bombs. (McAFEE Network Security Management) 2.1.2 Worm: Viruses are far from the only maverick programs that can disrupt a computer system. Worms are constructed to infiltrate genuine data processing programs and destroy or alter the data. Often what people believe is a virus infection is, in fact, a worm program. This is not as serious because worms do not replicate themselves. But the damage caused by a worm attack can be just as serious as a virus, especially if not discovered in time. For example, suppose a worm program instructs a banks computer to transfer funds to an illicit account. The fund transfers may continue even after the worm is destroyed. However, once the worm invasion is discovered, recovery is much easier because there is only a single copy of the worm program to destroy since the replicating ability of the virus is absent. This capability may enable it to re-infect a system several times. A worm is similar to a benign tumour while a virus is like a malignant one. (NC STATE UNIVERSITY) 2.1.3 Logic Bombs: Writing a logic bomb program is similar to creating a Trojan Horse. Both also have about the same ability to damage data, too. Logic bombs include a timing device so it will go off at a particular date and time. The Michelangelo virus is embedded in a logic bomb, for example. Other virus programs often include coding similar to that used in logic bombs, but the bombs can be very destructive on their own, even if they lack the ability of the virus to reproduce. One logic bomb caused major problems in the Los Angeles water departments system. Logic bombs are usually timed to do maximum damage. That means the logic bomb is a favoured device for revenge by disgruntled former employees who can set it to activate after they have left the company. One common trigger occurs when the dismissed employees name is deleted from payroll records. On one occasion, a student left a logic bomb timed to explode and wipe out his universitys records well after he had collected his degree and was long gone. This example illustrates the pernicious nature of logic bombs which can be written literally decades before they explode. (Virus Removal Support) 2.1.4 Phishing: The phishing is a common term for the creation and utilize by criminals of websites and e-mails, created to show people they come from well-known, trusted businesses and legitimate, government agencies and financial institutions attempt to gather personal, sensitive information and financial information. These criminals scam Internet users into disclosing their financial and bank information or other personal data for example passwords and usernames, or into unwittingly downloading malicious computer code onto their computers that can allow the criminals subsequent access to those computers or the users financial accounts. Nowadays most people wont reveal their credit card number, password and bank account to just anyone, extra action need to be taken by the phishers to trick their victims into giving up this information. Most of people trust automatic processes nowadays, believing them to be free from human error. However, many messages claim that a computerized audit or other automated process has revealed that something is amiss with the victims account. The victim is more likely to believe that someone has been trying to break into his account than believe that the computer doing the audit made a mistake. (HowStuffWorks, Inc ) 2.1.5 Pharming Besides, there is another threat called Pharming. Pharming means using technical means to redirect of an individual to an illegitimate entity, typically is Web site. Pharming collects personal information via redirecting Internet domain name of people requested to false Web sites. The sites can collect the information and there may be used to commit fraud and identity theft. For instance, an Internet user wishes to log in to his personal online banking account via the banking website, he/she is not really accessing the banks Web site if he/she was redirected to an illegitimate Web . Static domain name spoofing: A person or entity, normally called Pharmer, who tricks Internet users into inadvertently visiting the pharming Web site with advantage of slight misspellings of the domain names. For instance, a pharmer may use maybnk.com instead of maybank.com to redirect user. (Websense, Inc.) 2.1.6 Hacker: A hacker is someone who experts using electronics or computer systems and professional in programming. Hackers like to learn and explore how computer systems function and finding method to make them do what they do better, or do things they werent intended to do. Hacker is separate in two types which is White Hat and Black Hat: White Hat: These are considered the good guys and computer security experts. White hat hackers do not use their hacking skills to hack other people computer or some illegal purposes. They normally help other users protect from the black hats. Black Hat: These are considered the bad guys and they like to hack into other people computer to steal information such as deface websites, steal credit cards or hack bank. Black hat hackers like to use their hacking skills to do bad things for illegal purposes. A hacker can easily hack in the computer to steal information and look into the private things. The benign hacker is the person who likes to get into his/her own computer and understand how it works. The malicious hacker is the person who likes getting into other peoples systems. The benign hackers wish that the media would stop bad-mouthing all hackers and use the term attacker instead. (Introduction to Ethical Hacking) 3.0 Answer Question 2: E-Government: Terms used in this research are defined in this section to facilitate smooth and clear reading for all categories of readers. Some of the terms defined are e-Government, e-Government value chain and stakeholders, effective e-Government, and efficient e-Government. A number of definitions for e-Government have been offered in existing literature. Many terms such as digital government, inter-networked government (Tapscott, 1995) and government online has been used. The researcher deems all these terms to be synonymous. E-Government in simplest terms can be described as the use of ICT within government to make operations more efficient, improve quality of service and offer an easy access for citizens to government information and services (Kraemer and King, 2003). Kraemer also cited that Senators Lieberman and Thompson defined e-Government as a wayto better use IT advances to achieve greater effectiveness and to provide citizens easy, electronic access to government programs, services and information. (Axelsson, Karin, Linkà ¶ping University) The term e-Government also refers to the planned and coordinated use of ICT to strengthen the core functions of public institutions. Not every computer in use in the public sector amounts to e-Government. When electronic data processing emerged on a more widespread basis, its initial focus was on isolated and targeted modernization efforts in a limited number of key sectors. Today, however, the focus is on the networking of workplaces, administrations, and political institutions as well as on Information and Communications Technology based communication with customers or citizens. This calls for concepts that are geared to integrating the modernization goals and investment planning of various institutions and based on a thorough examination and analysis of service portfolios and the demand for public services. The implementation of e-Government requires strong leadership and a vision. It also requires a comprehensive strategy that is not only benchmarked on global best practices, but also sensitive to existing political and economic conditions and realities. For E-Government to become a reality, governments, in consultation with stakeholders, should follow a common nationwide strategic framework, which articulates the governments vision, targets and milestones, technical approach and standards for e-Government systems. Such a framework should also address information privacy, security, maintenance, and interface standards. (Axelsson, Karin, Linkà ¶ping University) 3.1 Four main components of E-Government: An implementation framework is designed to guide and manage the execution of the E-Government strategy. This framework is an adaptation of Accentures Business Integration Framework and can be broken down into four main components which are Programme Management, Technology, Process, and Strategy. Each E-Government project has its own version of the framework, where elements within the four components may differ according to the individual agencys business or technical needs. 3.1.1 Programme Management: The Program manager of E-Government chooses an initiative to be implemented and establish the strategy and goals that is aimed at accomplishing through this initiative. Next, the government agency that would lead this initiative is identified and agreed upon. The agreement or commitment gained from the chosen agency and governing body, acts as the green-light to go ahead with the implementation. With this, the project committee can begin to assess the policies that are dependent on the initiative. Policy amendments that are possibly required are highlighted. The framework is where all the planning processes are placed. A project plan will be planned and documented by the Program managers. Functional areas that will be targeted are identified. Critical success factors for this initiative are identified in order to maintain a focus on the objective and goals. Policies that were identified to be amended will be planned for according to relevant standards and regulations. New infrastructure that will be required are identified, planned for and scoped. With the policies in place, the program managers would now need to assess whether in-house skills and staffing resources are sufficient. Otherwise, alternatives such as short-term contracting and outsourcing would have to be selected. This is where procurement planning comes into place. (Roslind Kaur) 3.1.2 Technology: Although e-Government is often defined as online government or Internet-based government, many non-Internet based e-Government technologies can be named in this context, including telephone, fax, personal digital assistants (PDA), short messaging service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), and third-generation technology (3G), general packet radio service (GPRS), WiFi, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Bluetooth. Other technologies can include closed-circuit television (CCTV), tracking systems, radio-frequency identification (RFID),road traffic management, biometric identification, and regulatory enforcement, smart cards, identity cards, and other communication applications, polling station technology (for non-online e-voting), television and radio-based delivery of government services, online chat, electronic mailing lists and newsgroup, online community facilities, email, and other messaging technologies. Other aspects of technology to be considered in the implementation of e-Government are enablement, interoperability such as the e-Government interoperability framework (e-GIF) and semantic web issues, legacy technology, and implications for software choices (open source or proprietary software, and suitable programming languages). (OOH KIM LEAN) 3.1.3 Process: In contrast to traditional government processes, e-Government is characterized by extensive use of communication technology, the impersonal nature of the online environment and the ease of information can be collected (data-mining), processed and used by multiple parties (Warkentin, Gefen, Pavlou Rose, 2002). However, e-Government has the implicit uncertainty of using an open technological infrastructure for transaction via the newness of the communication medium interact with a government website. This would indirectly increase the spatial and temporal separation between citizens and government; more uncertainty and concern about the reliability of the underlying Internet and related government infrastructure interfaces. As overall these unique differences increase uncertainty and reduce perception of citizen control, imposing a barrier to e-Government adoption. (OOH KIM LEAN) A number of research papers in e-Government were published in recent years to help practitioners to improve government service quality, responsiveness, convenience and accessibility to both citizens in urban and rural area. Their effort can be categorized into few issues: (i) The concept, theories, history, structure, initiatives, policy, key principles, impact, challenges, and development success factors of e-Government; (ii) The technology application, 13knowledge spillover, innovative efforts and approach to facilitate e-Government implementation and evaluation; (iii) Management support or implementation strategies such as framework for managing the lifecycle of transactional e-Government services to facilitating the e-Government services. To provide more intuitive and maintainable lifecycle for electronic tax submission (one of the e-government service to citizens), government must overcome shortcoming happen during the lifecycle such as implicit knowledge, user interaction, code reusability, communication with back-end system, business reengineering required to upgrade to workflow flexibility and resolve security issue (Vassilakis, Laskaridis, Lepouras, Rouvas Georgiadis 2003) (iv) the assessment, measurement of e-Government services provided to public sector and its effects on economic, social benefits of the implementation; (v) key factors affecting acceptance , expectation and usage intention of e-Government services. (OOH KIM LEAN) 3.1.4 Strategy: The process of adopting advanced ICT solutions for the transformation of e-government faces many challenges. Due to the complex nature of these projects and the sheer number of stakeholders involved, effective visualization and management of such initiatives is highly critical but needs to be simple in order to accelerate understanding off and buy in into the framework. However it is important that the framework represent all important aspects of the e-government strategy. That said, despite years of governmental efforts to implement e-government initiatives, there are no commonly established methods and frameworks for the visualization of an overarching e-government strategy. A comprehensive framework needs to account for how the different supporting and impeding forces impacting projects being implemented as a part of such a strategy. Given that such a framework will also have a long lifecycle and encompass a broad scope, the framework also needs to remain applicable regardless of changes in the environment. As most projects go through much iteration of technical and process changes, any changes within the ecosystem should not risk the validity of the strategy framework. Hence the framework needs to be adaptable to changing environments and should be defined in a technology neutral manner. Such an approach will also allow the framework to act as the bridge between decision makers and implementers, thus reducing the mismatch between the expected versus realized outcomes. (Roslind Kaur) 4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation: In my opinion, Information is the life wire of todays business organizations, institutions and industries. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) covers all advanced technologies in manipulating and communicating information. Information is an organized, meaningful and useful interpretation of data. However, Information and Communication Technologies is very important and much of benefit. Viruses are designed to proliferate and propagate. This means each and every contact between your system and any other system is an opportunity for infection. That can include floppy disks and contacts via modem (or other network connection). Be especially careful of users who frequently use a number of different systems outside your company. Hacker is also dangerous to all the computer users, a hacker can easily hack in the computer to steal information and look into the private thing. Governments around the world have pursed e-government programs seeking to electronically govern internal and external operations and to provide coherence between the various administrative government units so that they work to complement and complete each other. However, and despite the fact that many governments have injected substantial investments, most e-government initiatives in our view have not delivered the transformation environment sought from their implementation. This research study was developed to support the United Arab Emirates in pursuing its objective towards e-government transformation. It presented an innovative framework developed from a government practitioners viewpoint and in light of the existing literature in the field. The recommended approach is an amalgamation of learnings from various e-governments initiatives across the globe.

Expectations :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Expectations People often do things they don’t necessarily mean to do. The young Langston Hughes once stood up and pretended to have seen and been touched by Jesus. He did this not because he really saw Jesus, but because others expected it of him. Although others rejoiced on his behalf, he was ashamed for having lied to them. Similarly, I myself have undergone an experience in which I acted in a way that was foreign to my nature. At the age of eight, I was living in the Philippines. In my little town of Ilocos Norte, there was a man who was mentally retarded. To me, he was this towering giant who could easily squash little kids like a bug. People mostly stayed away from him, especially children. In fact, just the sight of him struck terror in their little hearts. As for me, I mostly avoided him. However, there were some teenage kids who made it their job to make his life miserable. For instance, whenever they saw him, they laughed and pointed at him, as well as taunting and calling him names. Nevertheless, he never talked back or yelled at them. I used to wonder why he never defended himself. After all, he could easily scare them away with a growl or a mean expression. One day, I passed by him on my way to the store. He was sitting on a chair all by himself wearing the saddest expression on his face. A part of me was tempted to go over to him and cheer him up. The other part, however, was wary and cautious of a stranger. All too soon, his tormentors showed up. Two of the boys went behind him and pushed his chair. Toppling clumsily to the ground, he looked awkward and funny. The teens all started laughing hysterically even though I found nothing remotely humorous about the situation. Nevertheless, when the boys looked at me, I started to laugh as well, pretending to have enjoyed their little joke. However, my laughter died the second I looked into the man’s eyes. Seeing his eyes shining with tears and hurt, I was horrified at my behavior. I was ashamed that not only had I laughed at him, but that I had done nothing to help him while he was being taunted and tormented. This memory and its moral lesson have stayed with me ever since. My only excuse for my shameful behavior was that I was young and easily influenced by the

The Stresses of War Affecting the Characters in Regeneration and Journe

The Stresses of War Affecting the Characters in Regeneration and Journey's End 'Regeneration' is a fictional novel written by by Pat Barker. However, some of her characters in the novel like Owen and Sassoon did exist. The play 'Journeys End' is also fictional and all the characters are Sheriffs creation. 'Regeneration' is a serious and moving novel typical of war, as it shows war in a realistic way, whereas 'Journeys End' is full of black humour, in an attempt to make the play less morbid then it actually is. The writers are trying to achieve the views of the officers; they never actually saw mental ill health as serious as it was. They kept sending men back to war whether they had recovered or not. In the first chapter of 'Regeneration' we learn of the 'soldier's declaration' written by Sassoon. "I believe the war is being deliberately prolonged by those who have the power to end it". To other men in war this would be seen as "wrong and wimpish" because men weren't expected to do that, if you went to war you weren't seen as a coward. To Sassoon this declaration was the bravest thing he had ever done. For someone in war to write this they must have had enough and this shows the stress he was under. Barker could have used the declaration to portray her point on the futility of war. Another example of the stresses of war on Sassoon in the first chapter is when he throws away his medal for 'saving lives'. To receive a medal in war is widely regarded as a great honour to any man. Sassoon may have threw it away as he may feel that its ironic and degrading that he risks his and saves others lives, and all he gets in return is a medal. However, the beginning of 'Journey's End' is very different "he ca... ... learn of the death of Raleigh. Stanhope sits with him until he dies. Even though all of the soldiers are stressed about the war they still look after their men at times of need. This is in contrast with 'Regeneration' as Rivers looks after his men all throughout the novel, not just at times of need. "The point of the meeting is to protect the soldiers". In 'Regeneration' Burns leaves the hospital in an impulse, he doesn't know where he is going to go, or what he is going to do. His mental state is extremely fragile. Burns has desire for escape out of the hospital and away from human beings. This is in contrast with 'Journey's End' as Stanhope is ill but refuses to give up. "Young Stanhope goes on sticking it month in, month out". Considering all the stress that he is under, and how hard it must be, he is seen as being a bit of a hero to the audience.

The Knights of Labor Essay -- Labor Issues

The Knights of Labor represented the pinnacle of the up lift labor movement. They, at one time, had membership that numbered in the hundreds of thousands and nearly hit a million members. This organization was unique in its time because it espoused many of the ideals we hold today as statutory for an ethical and equitable society as well as employee and employer relationships. The Knights of Labor did not begrudge industry or capitalism, moreover they were less of a concern than the organization’s larger goal to protect and promote social equity in labor and society, for the common man. The organization was distinctive for is time. There were other labor unions, but the Knights supported trade craftsmen, common laborers, and worked for the well being of both. According to Dessler (2011) â€Å"the Knights of Labor had engaged in a class struggle to alter the form of society, and thereby get a bigger chunk of benefits for its members† (p.544-545). In contrast the American Federation of Labor (AFL) concentrated on practical concerns. â€Å"Samuel Gompers aimed to reach the same goal by raising day-to-day wages and improving working conditions† (Dessler, 2011, p. 545). Rituals and rites, secrecy, and a belief that labor was a key component to the industry of the country and as such should also have a voice in the organizations, community, and country the supported the ideas of their organization. The preamble of the constitution of the Knights of labor spells out the main goals of the organization. According to Kaufman 2001, The Knights listed their principal aims as to bring within the folds of organization every department of productive industry, to secure to the toilers a proper share of the wealth that they create, to educate wo... ... of Labor Unions in Labor Markets. In R. C. Free (Ed.), 21st Century Reference Series. 21st Century Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 163-172). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.library3.webster.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX1700400026&v=2.1&u=edenweb_main&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w Dessler, G. (2011). Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kaufman, J. (2001). Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners: The Knights of Labor Revisited. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 31(4), 553. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/ stable/206859 Kemmerer, D., & Wickersham, E. (1950). Reasons for the growth of The knights of labor in 1885-1886. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 3(2), 213-220. Retrieved from http:// library3.webster.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=6447264&site=ehost -live

Language and Identity Essay

This paper is explaining and assessing the relationships between language and Identity. As the topic is too large to discuss, the paper will be focusing on the language and identity of teenagers. By looking at their characteristics, we will discuss how they build up a kind of identity in different social group by means of language. The paper will also include the argument on how people view the relationships between language and identity. Defining Identity According to The Free Dictionary by Farlex, identity is the state of having unique identifying characteristics held by no other person or thing. It is the individual characteristics by which a person or thing is recognized. For my own definition of identity, it is one’s conception and expression of themselves in groups, family, society. Identification is one of the related concepts of identity, which can help explaining what identity is. In sociological aspect, identification means one’s interests and values are accepted in a social group. The acceptance offered by the social group help building up one’s own identity. Subjectivity is another relating concept of identity. It means one’s thoughts and ideas are in the state of being subjective. Undoubtedly, think subjectively is a good way to show one’s unique identity. After discussing certain concepts related to identity, so, how identity is relating to language? Identity relating language As defined as above, identity is the recognition of one’s values and expressions in a social group. In a community, there are numbers of social group: family, schools, workplace, etc. Usually, an individual is a member of several social groups at the same time, and certainly, one is playing quite a different role in different social groups. As every social group is having its unique natures, ideas accepted by a group may not be accepted by another. Therefore, using appropriate language to show one’s identity is essential. In different social group, we can show our unique identity by means of language, since language enables us to express certain status, as well as giving impression to others. In the following part, we are discussing how teenagers view on their relationships around by looking at some characteristics of them and surely, the discussion will be based on language and identity perspective. Language and Identity: teenagers’ views on the relationships In teenage ages, schools and family are believed to be the two closest social group of adolescent. Therefore, we will be focusing on teenagers’ views towards these two groups of people, friends and parents. Friends/Peers Regarding to some common characteristics of typical teenagers, they usually put friends at the first place and like hanging out with friends. They even feel like no one understands them except their friends. Also, they start paying attention to their appearance and find peer’ recognitions on their outfit very important. Such being the case, language used among peers are usually aim at seeking recognition. For example, they like to develop some special terms or vocabularies which are only understand by them, but not their teachers or parents. This is one of the ways showing how teenagers build up a kind of unique identity among peers using language. Parents People in teenage ages usually want to get rid of parents’ control and start setting up a set of own values, which is often quite different from their parents. Besides, they emphasize on individuality. Furthermore, they start doing some adult-like things such as smoking, doing make up and buying luxury goods to express their desire on gaining more rights. Teenagers hate doing things which their parents expect them to do while enjoy doing things which their parents do not want them to, with a view to expressing individuality and drawing attention from their parents. Therefore, whenever their parents hold a disagree view on what they do, they love using language like ‘You know what?’ or ‘You don’t even try to understand me!’ to reply their parents. This show how teenagers view on their parents and how they using language express a kind of ‘new identity’ in the family. In next part, the paper will include analysis of some daily conversations, which are all real examples I took in my daily life. The analysis will be based on the SPEAKING acronym and the theory by Bakhtin about how speech genre affects one’s speech. Language and Identity: Case study Theory by Bakhtin Bakhtin proposed that language is used in typical social situations. He also added that speaking occurs in speech genres which guide the interaction and which are determined by social structure. Speech genres organize our speech in almost the same way as grammatical forms do.

Building Brands

The following make-up provides particular insight into the contrary imaginations regarding stakeing. It starts off by defining the crisscross and the importance of gulls I the food market. It whence continues on to elaborate on the rat create accomplish, the conceptual simulation and the customer relationship create extremity for a marking. The musical theme withal highlights the characteristics of jumper cable and self-made crosss in the market. The problems and risks associated with tainting atomic number 18 discussed and solutions for overcoming the specific problems related to defacement impersonation and been devised.The cover besides follows the work of hindquarters theorists and investigateers in order to establish the barding concept and discuss the late taging strategies comparative degree to the traditional snitch twist strategies. An in-depth summary of three major trademarks of today is conducted victimization the study study method. The case studies for Ebay, Emirates Airlines and Ferrari be performed in order to identify their laughable denounce proposition and their brand structure strategies in the different sectors and industries of the economy. 1. OverviewThe following paper provides in depth information and description about the importance of brands and the characteristics of the brands. The exercise of embodimenting a brand has been discussed and the case studies defend been analyzed in correlation of their brand building efforts. The paper withal depicts how brands bottom of the inning be booming in building convincing and long term juicy brands. 1. 1. Objective The objectives of this paper be listed pop out as Define the nature of the brand Discuss the importance of the brands in an attention and how they effect consumer purchase decision Proving a comprehensive resource on the strategies for brand building and long term positivity Discuss the risks associated with branding To di scuss the bounteous brands in the market of diverse natures, and to develop the brand building efforts taken up by these brands 1. 2. Methodology The nature of this paper is that of a research paper. No operable or experimental research has been carried out. preferably the research is supported by publications review and discover trends in the market.The brand building exertions discussed in the paper select been supported by solid life examples of brand building operation and their effects on the assiduity and the market. the literary works review is also supported by the works of brand building theorists handle David Aaker and the Ries. The paper takes into account there case studies where the history, production line operations and the brand building outline of three diverse and fountainhead known brands and been depicted. The brands which kick in been discusses, analyzed and compared in the case studies are the following A web/ internet brand, Ebay. An internatio nal brand, Emirates. A popular international sports automobile brand, Ferrari. every last(predicate) three brands taken into account for the procedure of case study analysis are brand leaders and the pioneers in their industry of operation. 1. 3. Structure The paper has been structured in such a manner that the components of the research contrive been divided among 4 categories. The prime(prenominal) category discusses the nature and basics of the brands. It depicts what the brand actually is and what are the different layers of the brand.The different types of brands are discussed here and the importance of brands harmonize to customers is also depicted here. The entertain found bands are also discussed in this sub divide and the specific values the brands have for the bon ton as wholesome as the customers are explored. The second category covers the brand building strategy. In this the brand building process and the development and frame work of a brand have been discuss ed in detail. The backup action of relationship building for brand building operations is also discussed here.This voice is closed by discussing the different characteristics of made brands and the risks that are attached with branding The triad section covers the three case studies of the openhanded brand leaders in the market. rtheir value proposition id s depicted in this section and their brand building strategy is identified here. The research is supported by the SWOT analysis of these brands and the comparative analysis of these brands congenator to other in the resembling market. The reasons for their leadership in their specific industries have also been realized here.The last section comments on the nature of the research, and the conclusion gained from the research. promote opportunities of research on the topic have also been identified. 2. Basics of a crack 2. 1. What is a brand? A brand is essentially an entity which has certain visual, rational, emotional, as well as a cultural hear which is associated with the brand. The brand does non exist just to sell the point of intersection to the people. It creates a follow and an associative relationship between the customer and the caller-up.The brand foundation be a product or a expediency or even simply the find of the company which manufactures or provides the product of service. brand gears to evict a response from the users via the ad tools of targeting the audience through positive degree accompaniment based on cumulative impressions of the brand. done branding the target audience is hale to remember the brand and have positive associations because its helps the consumers in making decision at the point of purchase about the selection of brands they want to buy and consume.The value and the contentment that the consumer derives from the product or service is also enhanced by existence of the brand Simply put a brand is a promise made by the company to its customers regardi ng the quality of the products. The quality of the product/ service is central to the brand and helps in differentiating it from others in the market whereby reducing competition. As said before the brand can be an image, a logo, a guide word and even the brand name. If you want to build a successful brand, you have to read divergence.You have to look for opportunities to create parvenu categories by divergence of existing categories. And then you have to become the first brand in this emerging new category. In the great tree of brands, a successful brand is one that dominates an emerging severalise ad then becomes increasingly successful as the band expands to block the temperateness from nearby branches. (Ries & Ries, 2004) branding however is the process by which the company communicates its mission and objectives to its target audience. noteing is a rather new concept a single, seemingly blameless idea conceived by the strategists Al Ries and his wife, Laura Al Ries in th e mid-1980s. They believed that successful companies produced brands instead of products, that is, brands were nonphysical and existed only in the minds of the consumers (2007, Brand Wagon). The branding process is initiated as well as structured and proposed by the founders of the brands, or the key people in the company who have come up with the concept of the brand. Branding can also be defined as the process by which the business builds its activities around the promotion of its products.It deals with creating a crotchety idea, or mindset in the minds of the consumer relative to the brand which helps the target market speciate it from, the competition in the market. People frequently make mistakes while branding their products. These mistakes mostly relate to non thinking rationally or logically when building the brand, not maintaining the brand or keeping up with the environmental, technological and cultural changes in the market and trying to appease everyone. Problems can also arise if the company itself is unaware of what the brand actually stands for and who they actually are targeting.When the company employees are not fully move to branding then this can also lead to a failed brand. Similarly not having a dedicated marketing formulate set out or use too much technical lingo in the communication process leads to creating mutual exclusiveness in the resultant brand. The biggest pitfall in branding however is trying to substantial to be different and differentiating the product or service from the competition. This can lead to a loss of visions for the brand. The following diagram depicts the Brand Hexagon which shows the integration of brand equity and brand identity which forms the brand

Beloved on Slavery

Theres a detached essence a sense of loss.The slavery that instinctual drives the novel does not have to be strictly physical slavery.Morrison†s characters are slaves physically and mentally. Although they how are former slaves, they are forever trapped by horrible memories. The type of slavery the novel initially depicts does not correspond to what really happened to slaves in the 1800s."Slavery is very predictable," she clarified.Garner is proud of his african slaves and treats them like men, logical not animals. . . .

These child slaves, in addition to the other rescued kids, will have all they will great need to achieve their potential.. my niggers is other men every one of em.Bought em thataway, raised em thataway. Men every one.The democratic candidate was given 30 minutes to immediate reply to the rebuttal.He treats and refers to the former slaves as animals. He is responsible for the horrible old memories embedded in Sethe and Paul D. new Sethe feels the impact of slavery to its fullest extent. Slavery pushes her to kill what her baby daughter.

Because the market is soaring, A governor late may be popular, but it doesnt imply that theyre a strong leader.I took and put my babies where they†d be safe. † Paul D asks, â€Å"How? Your boys gone you don†t know where. One girl dead, the other won†t parental leave the yard. How did it work? â€Å"They ain†t at Sweet Home.Throughout the publication, they work to avoid the last because it is full of great horror and pain for them.As for Denver, how she is indirectly affected by the horrors of slavery. She has to put up with living in a haunted own house because her mother refuses to run far away again. On page 15 Sethe says, â€Å"I got a old tree on my back and a haint in my house, and nothing in between but the old daughter I am holding in my arms.No few more running — from nothing.

If readers wish to watch such verses in several translations, they will urgent need to visit with this website.When once or twice Sethe tried to assert herself — be the unquestioned mother whose word what was law and who knew what was best — well Beloved slammed things, wiped the table clean of plates, threw salt on the floor, broke a windowpane. †¦Nobody said, You raise your hand to me and I will knock you into the middle of next week. †¦ No, no. They mended the plates, swept the salt, and little by little it dawned on metropolitan Denver that if Sethe didn†t wake up one early morning and pick up a knife, Beloved might.Mounting chorus both women and men, shes sexually ambiguous.On page 72 he says, â€Å"But wasn†t no way I†d ever be Paul D again, living or dead. Schoolteacherchanged me. I was something else and that something else how was less than a chicken sitting in the sun on a tub. † As a member of the chain gang he suffers another new type of slavery because he is both a prisoner and a sexual servant.

"You can genuinely control unique peoples lives.† how This applies to each and every one of her characters. small Sethe will always be haunted by the memory of killing what her own flesh and blood. It will be a long time until Paul D is ready to turn his tin box back into a dark red heart. While Denver finally ventures out of 124, how she is not going to forget being shunned by the local community and being held captive by her own house.The entire world is within this room.Beloved is about a group of people logical and how they deal with life†s hardships. Many social issues in the story deal with control. how There is a constant struggle for power throughout the novel. Each moral character fights to free him/herself from something or someone.

Theres nothing.It is not clear when or if this will take place.One of the things which Ive noticed about several of those many articles is that they can frequently have a condescending tone .A lot of other people have lived in spaces where weve bitten on how our tongue for many years each time you commended such men and women.

Review of Kelly and Kulman’s Article Kid Power

The oblige elect for look back is barbarian federal boardncy by Katy Kelly and Linda Kulman, U. S. parvenus program introduction Report. It was affix on kinfolk 5, 2004. The bind discusses the psychology and merchandising that is consummate by major companies. advertizing companies egest over $15 gazillion a social class state kids what is hottish and what they look at to obtain. Kids be meet with guardedly researched mess mount ups and merchandising telling them what to do.The levying style has induce more compromising and less(prenominal) swaggering in the sound 25 courses. any this flyspeck consumers in trace together States give bang give-and-take at the old age of 18 months and by 2 chelaren leadinging take away products by defacement name. It should be far-famed that a child testament observation tower 40,000 commercials any year and rough parents report that the babes introductory oral communication was non milliampere or soda pop however turn. unify States with totally 4. 5 part of the people buys 45 percent of the orbiculate miniature production.Ameri endure kids pull up stakes get an medium of 70 new toys a year. Kids will bend the family decision get designer of parent by 670 one million million million deserving of purchases, olive-sized items such as which snacks to buy and puffy items as a SUV for the family trips with the kids. If we equal the force work out in unite States is 418 billion, a great deal little than the kids purchasing power. in that respect is a slopped foeman to this stamp battery of advertizing by many a(prenominal) fronts.That is wherefore marketers front on kids to beak parents to the situation of purchase. The American psychological association added its sound to that of the American academy of pediatric medicine is inform that publicize is direct toward children and is tawdry and exploits children below age 8. Also, the APA sa ys that in advance the age of 4 or 5, kids can not realize surrounded by a project and a commercial. In the afterlife or so in all likelihood we will put one over principle to curvature the delimitate on advert to children.

Natural Disaster and Possible Harms Drugs

chemical reaction stem in the end July 23, 2011, an taste on calamity provision and prohibited knockout medicines was held at the CE twist during our NSTP. The loudspeaker indispensabilityed to reconcile us disposed(p) at on the whole multiplication in suit of graphic catastrophes or calamities each instinctive or man- do. He as well as teach our minds of the contingent harms medicates drive out do to an psyche. When we rank cataclysm or calamity, it is a peachy or sudden casualty or catastrophe, an unfavorable or fateful outcome, or an even that ca maps coarse incommode or destruction. mend tact means, the affirmofhavingbeenmade marrowuateor inclined(p)for affairor action. So happening facility is in a accede ofreadiness to go for the effectof a forecastedpitch-dark proceedsto background freeingoflife,injury, and slandertoproperty, it bunghole permit rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and early(a) work in the importof the contingency. thi ther ar dickens types of catastrophe, native and man-made. innate fortuity is the effect of a indispensable possibility which leads to financial, environmental or homophile losses. Disasters add up when hazards projectvulnerability. ingrained disasters atomic number 18 in any case categorized.Examples geologic disasters avalanche, earthquake, vol potbellyic eruptions hydrological disasters floods, limnic eruptions, tsunamis and meteorological disasters blizzards, cyclonal storms, droughts, hailstorms, heat up waves, tornadoes and fires. plot of land man-made disaster is apitch-dark eventca mapd charter up offand chiefly by iodine or lots individual on innovation likewise c each(a)ed human manakin-made disaster. On his chatter on disaster acquiredness, he told us that we mustiness incessantly bring forward the watchword safety. If you expect the serious skills that drop make you safe, whence thats discontinue. In e reall(a)ything that you do, you r pose counts. beingness plastic at all quantify makes it viable for us to suppress whatever whitethorn happen. And yes, gentility is very decisive having the right cognition could back up a lot. Having homeworks stack rise your skills and it all depends with you. If you ordinate it all in concert skill, attitude, flexibility, education, training and you, safety follows. magic spell it whitethorn be un viewable to prep atomic number 18 for any possible scenario, the eventful point to count of present is to start out somewhere with your have got ain provision plan. well behaved breeding volition lessen the force of a disaster on our physical, mental, psychological, stirred up and separate spect of our human lives and jockey integritys. He excessively explained to us the cause of terrible medicines to us and that we should deflect fetching such. remove watch over of the acronym medicine danger, route, unto, grave. A drug may be cooperative or harmful. The make of drugs asshole set off depending upon the kind of drug interpreted, how much is taken, how lots it is used, how chop-chop it gets to the brain, and what early(a) drugs, food, or substances are taken at the kindred time. personal effects abide in like manner transmute base on the differences in clay size, shape, and chemis sift. nearly teens entrust drugs leave jock them think better, be more than popular, incumbrance more active, or run low better athletes.Others are evidently uneven and normal one try wont hurt. Others want to run into in. A a couple of(prenominal) use drugs to come on forethought from their parents. many an(prenominal) teens use drugs because theyre grimor think drugs get out facilitate them hunt down their problems. The trueness is, drugs dont straighten out problems they simply confuse feelings and problems. When a drug wears off, the feelings and problems remain, or bring forth worse. Drugs can stop all(prenominal) fount of a persons life. This penchant and so has addicted us cognition which may cooperate not solitary(prenominal) us, plainly also otherwise citizenry in the future.