Growth Impairment of the Fetal Nervous System by Nicotinic Stimulation

Growth Impairment of the Fetal Nervous System by Nicotinic Stimulation The resources on this particular topic were minute. In fact, only two articles were obtained Therefore due to the lack of compiling information, all of the following text should be attributed to the sources listed The maternal utilization of tobacco substances during pregnancy gives rise to growth retardation and an array of neurobehavior defects in the offspring. Although concurrent exposure of the fetus to hypoxia and ischemia are major contributors to the developmental effects of smoking in man, or of injected nicotine in animals, recent studies using slow infusions of nicotine strongly suggest that nicotine affects fetal and neonatal development. Due to the action of nicotine via neurotransmitter receptors in the nervous system) the sensitivity of the developing brain is displayed in the disruption of cellular development and blunting of neural activity in central and peripheral catecholaminergic systems (Navarro et al, p894). Many of the developmental abnormalities seen with prenatal nicotine exposure resemble those obtained through enhancement of cholinergic neuronal activity through dietary manipulations. Endogenous cholinergic input has been shown to control cellular development in cerebral cortex, the same region found to be highly sensitive to perturbations caused by nicotine or by high dietary choline. Thus, the effects of nicotine may represent the simulation of a natural developmental signal, but at an inappropriate time. A current study examines the potential interaction of prenatal nicotine exposure with the development of cholinergic neurotransmitter systems in different brain regions (Navarro et al’ p894). The experimentation o... ...aring" course of action, wherein damage to a developing fetus by malnutrition, drugs and toxic chemicals has less of an growth impairment on the nervous system than the rest of the fetus (Navarro et. al., p191) Works Cited: Navarro, H.A., Seidler, F.J., Schwartz, R-D., Maker, E.E., Dobbins, S-S, and Slotkin, T.A. Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine Impairs Nervous System Development at a Dose Which Does Not Affect Viability or Growth. Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 23, pp. 137-192, 1989. Navarro, H-A., Seidler, F.J., Eylersk, J-P., Baker, F.E., Dobbins, S.S., Lappi, S.E., and Slotkin, T.A. Effects of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Development of Central and Peripheral Cholinergic Neurotransmitter Systems. Evidence for Cholinergic Trophic Influences in Developing Brain. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 251. No.3, pp. 894-399, 1989.

Moral Law in Trifles

Throughout history it is shown that women have been looked down upon by men. They have been considered inferior to the opposite sex and even as a form of property. â€Å"Trifles† take place in 1916 where the rights of women are yet to be stated a place that is ruled by the paterfamilias, the men. Only men knew what was right, only men knew what was best for their families. Men criticized women a lot and made fun of them.Men do not understand the difficulty of these duties and the hard working hours that are needed to keep a farmhouse and or a family tidy and well organized. Women just make their lives look easier by cooking, cleaning and caring for their children. Although today, we are not burdened with this struggle of being physically and emotionally abused by men, women in the early 1900’s struggled to break free from this mold formed by society.In the â€Å"Trifles† this type of living made lively, singing, happy Minnie Wright turn into a mentally disturbed, cold and routine robot after she married her husband, Mr. Wright. However, in the play women are far from being decorative. They actually show greater strength than the surrounding men. As the men went upstairs to investigate what happen to the husband, the women stays down stairs. They were able to look at the scene and pay attention to the details which lead them to uncover the clues that Mrs.Wright murdered her husband. At that time before the men came downstairs, the women hid the evidence and did not judge Mrs. Wright for her action. I can only say that moral justice prevailed and that law should not be so strict in some cases because there are more psychological aspects in a human mind. The women hid the evidence as an act of compassion for Mrs. Wright. Stealing the box with the dead bird is an act of loyalty to their gender and of defiance against a callous patriarchal society.A murder case like this at that particular time was a shocking thing to solve because it involved t iny details that men could not understand or view without the help of women. Details that are presented in women lifestyle, Mrs. Peter and Mrs. Hale was able to relate to Mrs. Wright to the murder of the killing of her husband. This conflict is the moral justice versus the legal justice meaning that justice can be based on what somebody conscience suggest what is right or wrong, rather than on what that strict law says to be done.Although Mrs. Peters was hesitating about the decision of hiding the evidence, she knew it was the right thing to do. The women understood the moral law and the Sheriff Hale and the County Attorney represented legal justice. In this world women have always been treated second best by men and like they were never good enough for careers outside of the home. The sex of a person should not determine what type of job a person should have. Due to those facts the women in â€Å"Trifles† stood by each other to cover Mrs. Wright tracks

The Art Of The Middle Age - 897 Words

The Museum in the Middle Age During the Middle Age when governed by Christianity, the churches and monasteries played a role as a treasure storage for collections and exhibitions of precious goods. Even the most of collected and produced objects or art works were the tools for religious ceremony and the ornaments for the interior and exterior of church. The churches used a collection and display of precious goods in a way to attracts the publics to the church unlike that artworks were given secular values and they were considered as an aesthetic object only in the ancient Greek and the Rome era. The collected artworks were exhibited and disclosed to the public for the purpose of making people believe in God. Thus, the church in the Middle Age acted as a modern museum in respect that it collected, displayed, supported and produced relics and art works. Under the absolute power of the church, it was obvious that the representative art field in Middle Age was concentrated on an architecture of religious building su ch as a church or monastery and a sculpture or painting to decorate the building. The art works that used for buildings of church and monastery and the ornaments of the buildings were mostly a sacred treasure, an altarpiece, a bible manuscript for the Christian ceremony and the mural in catholic church that represents a bible story. Such things were mainly installed or decorated inside of a church or monastery, which were preserved in a special form along withShow MoreRelatedArt During The Middle Ages1243 Words   |  5 Pages Art during the Italian Renaissance differed from art during the Middle Ages. The two have contrasting characteristics and concepts. In the Middle Ages the subject of almost all European art was religion, specifically. Although Renaissance artists continued to paint religious paintings and portraits of individuals, they also focused on the details of everyday life. They also used new techniques such as sfumato, chiaroscuro and perspective. The artists of the Italian Renaissance expressed the idealsRead MoreThe Middle Ages: Art and Religion578 Words   |  2 PagesThe Middle Ages: Art and Religion Religion and art have gone hand in hand for thousands of years. Almost every religious organization makes use of it. It idealizes, glorifies, protests, and tells the messages of religion. During some time periods of out history are existed for the sake of faiths. Artists of our time are generally free to create and make statements on anything they want. People, nature, colors, or ambitions might be just as intriguing to an artist as the visual aspect of a crucifixionRead MoreArt and Architecture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe difference between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is most visible through art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasis on religion or classical antiquity, and humanity. During the Middle Ages, art was more religious because it had a very religious influence from the church having such great power in the community. When the Renaissance started, art became more focused on ancient Greece. The Gree k influence was because scholars were broadly studying the revival of classicalRead MoreArt in the Middle Ages and The Renaissance and Its Effect in Society1017 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod also referred to as the Middle Ages was the period of time between the demise of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance era; this was the period from the 5th century to the 17th century in Europe. During this time, society conformed to the feudal system which was based on the hierarchy approach which upper class had control over the lower class. Included in this class structure were kings, lords, neighboring kings, peasants and church leaders. In the Middle Ages, art evolves as humans continueRead MoreVisual Art During The Middle Ages And The Renaissance1013 Words   |  5 PagesIWT1 TASK1 Visual Art in The Middle Ages and The Renaissance The Middle Ages spanned from 400 to 1400 A.D. During this period, often referred to as the Medieval Period, began after the fall of the Roman Empire. After Rome fell Europeans found that they no longer had a single state or government and they turned to the Catholic Church which soon became the most powerful institution of the era. Throughout the Medieval Period Kings, Queens and other leaders relied on their alliances with the church forRead MoreMiddle Ages Art and Music Pertinence to Literature Essay example602 Words   |  3 Pages Middle Ages Art and Music Pertinence to Literature Medieval Times directly follow the period of the Dark Ages. The Dark Ages are recalled as unwieldy times. After the Dark Ages, the Middle Ages raised themselves up against odds to be a time of elegance and class. Not only was the sophistication of the age can be seen being altered in the specific expressions of music and art. The art and music within the Middle Ages brought sophistication, elegance, refinement, and new ideas into the world throughRead MoreThe Influence of Renaissance in Art and Architecture947 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluences of any era is evident through artwork and architecture. During the Middle Ages the main influence was the church, this is evident through the focus on biblical and religious symbols. During the Renaissance the main focus was the study of people. This is shown through the increase in self portraits and classical antiquity-inspired buildings. The change between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is best shown through the art and architecture, dem onstrated specifically through an emphasis on religionRead MoreHow The Middle Ages Influenced the Renaissance.1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe High Middle Ages (1001-1300) In the Middle Ages, art was centered around the Church. The purpose of art was to glorify the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (Altshuler, 2009, p. 127). Art was not made to produce a feeling it was made simply to tell a story. Artists were usually sanctioned by the church to complete specific works. All artists were male with the exception of some women who did embroideries (Altshuler, 2009, p. 127). Many different types of media was used during thisRead MoreEssay about ITW1 Task 1 1121304 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ ITW1 Task 1 Literature, Arts and the Humanities: Analysis and Interpretation Comparing Classical and Middle Age Art Periods 112.1.2 The Fourth and Fifth centuries brought the Classical Art period to Greece. This was a very significant period for Greek art. Before this time, art lacked dimension and intensity, but the onset of the classical period brought with it influential architecture, vase paintings and sculptures, giving life to its subjects. Many modern day artists draw their creativeRead MoreThe Middle Ages : The Age Of The Middle Ages830 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle Ages The middle ages are described as 1,000-year period. The 1,000 years are marked from the moment Costantine, the Roman Emperor, made Christianity an official religion of the empire. People saw the middle ages as an â€Å"in between† period in time. The phrase â€Å"Middle Ages† to describe Europe between the fall of Rome in 476 CE and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Historians usually divide the Middle Ages into three smaller periods called the Early Middle Ages, the High

Ryanair- The Southwest of European Airlines Introduction...

Almost three decades ago, in July 1985, three brothers, Catlan, Declan, and Shane Ryan founded Ryanair airlines in the southeast of Ireland. Little did they know, it would become one of the most successful low- cost airlines in the whole industry. It started with just one leased fifteen seater plane that flew from Ireland to London’s Gatwick airport of which their father, Tony Ryan was the chairman. After the government deregulated air traffic to England, Ryanair got the license to operate from Dublin to London. At the end of that year, the airline had flown 5,000 passengers already. By the following year, it quickly started expanding with the purchase of two bigger but older planes. Since the very beginning the company maintained a low-cost strategy. They managed to provide fares that were 20% lower than what its main competitors were offering. Later on, in 1986, it furtherly expanded when it acquired a 85% stake in London European Airways that allowed it to get its requisite license. Ryanair now started flying also to Amsterdam and Brussels, but these routes were short lived and had to be abandoned. By 1987, the airline repositioned itself, and was flying to 65 different locations across europe. Its first main competitor for about a year was Aer Lingus, another Irish Airline. Then the Irish government would create a â€Å" two airline policy† that would eliminate such competition and would allow them to fly on separate routes. In 1990, Ryanair had expanded even more andShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Ryanair862 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract The aim of this report is to explain and analyse the role of Human Resource Management in the airline company Ryanair. To provide a background information of organisational structure, their vision, mission and strategic goals. Outline the key challenges and opportunities faced by their Human Resource Management.  Table of Contents HR Strategy in Ryanair 6 Ryanair HR Planning 7 Managerial Judgement 7 Delphi Technique 8 HR Audit 8 Global Macro Environment (PEST) 9 Political/Legal 9 EconomicRead MoreAnalysis of Ryanair and Its Business Environment1871 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this assignment, I will be analysing Ryanair Airline and its business environment. Ryanair is a low-cost Irish airline that has its headquarters in Swords, County Dublin, Ireland and was established in 1984. According to ryanair.com, Ryanair operates more 1600 daily flights from over 68 bases across 1600 routes with 186 destinations in 30 countries. Several factors will be addressed with regards to Ryanair’s financial issues, customer satisfaction, competitiveness, swot analysis,Read MoreManagement Assignment Ryanair5707 Words   |  23 Pages â€Æ' Table of Contents Introduction 3 Q1. Manager Profile Job Description 3 Assignment 3 Key Accountabilities: 3 Management Roles 4 Meeting challenges 4 Reporting 4 Summary of work experience educational attainment 5 Organisational Chart 6 Q2. Comparisons against Fayol’s key managerial roles 7 Q3. Future challenges of the Ryanair Director of Operations 10 Q4. Effectiveness of the Manager 11 Bibliography 13 Questionnaire 14 SWOT matrix for Ryanair Director of Operations 17 Read MoreAirline Airlines : Business Strategy Course Theories And Concepts Based On The Business Industry Of The Budget Service Providers1968 Words   |  8 PagesAs a result of the success story of the U.S Budget Airline - Southwest Airlines - Ryanair was established as a first low-cost airline in Europe. The case study is based on the revised Strategy of Ryanair to meet challenges within European airline industry of the budget service providers. The case discusses the business strategy the company adjusted to improve its performance in the challenging environment. To meet the aim of this case study we conducted a strategic analysis of the business environmentRead MoreRyanair6243 Words   |  25 PagesInstructor’s Manual 368  © Pearson Education Limited 2005 CASE TEACHING NOTES Ryanair – The Low-Fares Airline Eleanor O’Higgins 1. Introduction Ryanair was the first budget airline in Europe, modelled after the successful US carrier, Southwest Airlines. The case offers students the opportunity to evaluate the strategy of Ryanair against the backdrop of the European airline industry and the burgeoning budget sector. Business students at all levels enjoy this case and relate to it, since air Read MoreRyan Air3457 Words   |  14 Pagesthe external and internal factors influencing the company. The following report will discuss these factors regarding Ryanair, which is one of the leading budget European airlines. This report identifies important issues of Ryanair s environment which have been formed since the company s development. It also goes on to analyse the future opportunities and threats which Ryanair is likely to face in currently and in the future. Ryan air have developed a cost focus strategy, where it focusesRead MoreAirasia Case Study3534 Words   |  15 PagesAirAsia: â€Å"Now Everyone Can Fly† I. Introduction AirAsia is a Low-fare airline company owned by Anthony Fernandes. The company had its beginnings since 2001 and has been growing rapidly ever since. Within two years, AirAsia has proven that low-fare airline models such as Southwest’s, Ryanair’s, and easyJet’s model would fare well in the Asian marketplace. Its success has even spawned numerous imitators and competitors. But the question still remains, can the low-fare model continue to succeedRead MoreStrategic Analysis for Ryanair to Enter China8342 Words   |  34 PagesStrategic Analysis for Ryanair to Enter China Submitted in part fulfilment of the Master September 2010 STRATEGIC BUSINESS ANALYSIS (ULMS 719) University of Liverpool Management School 17 September 2010 Abstract Ryanair, the leader of low-fare carriers in Europe, will expand its business throughout the world. This report discusses the strategies which Ryanair entre the Chinese market. Through PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis to have sophisticated understandings of the ChineseRead MoreCase Studies: Sas Airline Ryanair80169 Words   |  321 PagesHow did the deregulation of air transportation in Europe foster entrepreneurial behavior and innovation in the European airline industry over the last twenty years? Case studies: SAS Airline Ryanair Master Thesis in Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Business Contexts Spring 2007 Supervisor: Hà ¥kan Bohman Entrepreneurship Master Program Authors:
Gilles Helterlin and Nuno Ramalho
Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to all who have contributed to the realization of this Read MoreRyanair Analysis and Strategic Recommendation10672 Words   |  43 PagesRyanair Ryanair is one of the largest and still fastest growing low-fares airline companies in Europe. Led by CEO Michael O’Leary, a diverse board of directors, and an experienced top management, Ryanair has been very successful following a cost leadership strategy, partially achieved by a â€Å"no-frills† service strategy. External influences such as the European economic crisis, aviation deregulation, and rising oil prices have created opportunities or threats to Ryanair, and internal weaknesses such

The Debate over Healthcare in America - 886 Words

Healthcare sits at the center of a major debate in America today. There are a number of questions that surround this debate. Some argue that healthcare should be a right that people are entitled to, while others argue for a system where healthcare is more of a luxury. Overall, the political environment surrounding healthcare in America has been shifting and also the topic of much consternation over the last three to four years. In order to understand this particular situation, one must approach it from a number of different sociological perspectives. Specifically, functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism can help to provide a framework in which one can analyze the actions, thoughts, and perspectives of actors on all sides of the healthcare situation. Functionalism theory can explain why many believe that healthcare is such an important element for society to strive toward, conflict theory can help to explain why there is opposition to this concept, and interactionist theory can explain why Americans have attached so strongly to both sides of this debate, as certain symbols have become important to those people, and in some cases, has become more important than the principles that tend to underlie this particular debate. It is relatively easy to apply a functionalist perspective to the healthcare system in the United States in order to better understand why some people believe that healthcare needs to be somehow changed or improved. In terms of social change,Show MoreRelatedThe Health Care Of America1400 Words   |  6 Pageseducation, technology, and healthcare are the main criteria that determine a great country. Among the developed countries, U.S. is the number one country in the world which provides advanced and finest health care (Kane). However, the healthcare cost in America is the highest in the world because of the great consumers of medical technology and diagnostic imaging. (Kane). Numerous individuals are not able to afford their health ca re. Many people in U.S. do not have healthcare insurance. It is weird thatRead MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act997 Words   |  4 PagesCase White Professor Eastman English 1020 29 January 2015 Obamacare’s Healthier America Health care has been a controversial topic of discussion for all Americans since it was put in effect many years ago. Currently the biggest debate of Healthcare up to date is Obama’s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, is a Health care Reform that is a governmental attempt to make basic health care easily obtainable. However, there are no benefits without cost in situations likeRead MoreThe Healthcare Debate On Healthcare1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Healthcare Debate Healthcare has been a hotly debated topic in both of the last two presidential elections. As the cost of healthcare in America continues to rise, more Americans struggle to pay doctor and hospital expenses. Health insurance is suppose to provide money to pay for medical expenses, but as costs rise so do the insurance rates. Many Americans find private insurance is too expensive. As a result, many middle class Americans and low income households decide to go uninsured forcingRead MoreHealthcare In The United States vs. The United Kingdom Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and contrast healthcare in the United States and United Kingdom In the contemporary world, America is one of the greatest countries. From the polio vaccine to Coca Cola, United States is mother to many inventions. As Americans, we enjoy higher quality living standards than most other parts of the world. This pleasure-oriented lifestyle makes a lot of other nations envious of us. And with the envy comes antipathy. For the time it has existed, the American healthcare system has been a subjectRead MoreThe United States Healthcare System1562 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The United States healthcare system is one the largest and most complex systems in the world†(Artem Cheprasov, study.com). Healthcare is one of the most important items to provide for an entire nation, yet the US does not have free healthcare. Why you may ask? Well, there has been a long debate to whether the USA should provide free healthcare for all its citizens; however, there hasn’t been a big change to healthcare being provided for everyone. On both sides of argu ment, there have been logicalRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )956 Words   |  4 Pageslegislation that has had massive effect on healthcare in the United States. Its systemic effects on healthcare in this country are numberous, from insurance to ambulatory care, from healthcare related taxes to healthcare resources, and beyond. That said, the following research paper attempts to summarize how this massive piece of legislation has effected healthcare in the United States, to date; with a particular eye towards the effects on the average healthcare consumer. Lastly, it concludes with reasonsRead MoreThe Education and Healthcare Gap1686 Words   |  7 Pages In the worlds of politics, sociology and economics, debates have raged concerning the relative equality or inequality in America. Over the past one hundred years, we have seen a sizable shift toward equality in the legal rights of minorities. However, this legal equality is undermined by a pervasive and broadening socioeconomic inequality, especially in regards to healthcare and education. These issues disproportionately affect minorities. This paper will first touch on two other typesRead MoreThe Problem Of Health Care937 Words   |  4 PagesHealth care has been a debate for several years. Costa Rica’s is a developing country however, they provide health insurance nationwide to all their citizens and legal residents. This form of insurance is designed to provide monetary security in case there is serious illness or accident. Individuals, who do not have health insurance can be exposed to situations in which they can run into deep debt. Having a health insurance can protect individuals from high costs. I am focusing this essay on theRead MoreThe Effects Of National Health Care1451 Words   |  6 Pagesnational healthcare in America is having a profound effect on several American institutions such as government, workplace, and hospitals. This paper will explicate contrasting citizens’ social contract with the government before the passing of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the social cont ract they had with American citizens after the ACA was put into effect. Additionally, the paper will demonstrate the roles of zealots, disciples and the congregation for and against the new national healthcare movementRead MoreThe Issue Of Healthcare Reform1570 Words   |  7 Pages Healthcare reform continues to be a topic of discussion among politicians, medical professionals, and many Americans who are struggling to pay for care in a system where costs are skyrocketing out of control. Consequently these costs are forcing many Americans to file bankruptcy due to the massive amount of medical debt that they owe, slowing our economy and reducing reimbursements for medical facilities (Khazan) The debate on how to fix health care continues, even after the Affordable Care

Philosophy of Life Free Essays

Philosophy of Life Life is a river! In human life there are many problems human being cannot face it and take his steps aside, where else a river problem are like pebbles in the way river cannot take a step back like the human they still face their problems and reaches toward with the proud and honor. Human life can be likened to the flowing of a river. The Rived’ in which the theme focuses on this phrase: â€Å"You know a dream is like a river, ever changing as it flows, and he dreamers just a vessel that must follow where it goes; trying to learn from what’s behind you, and never knowing what’s in store, this makes each day a constant battle just to stay between the shore. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now † What is a river? A river is a unique phenomenon of nature. In the river fresh water is being added to the existing water at every moment. The river is constantly moving, and eventually disappears into the evaporation, the lake, or the ocean. Life is constant motion that eventually merges the elements back into the whole. The elements that made the river are the merged, and recycled. The aspects of life either produced the seeds, or continue to affect the still-living through past actions. That is why it is more enjoyable to accept the temporary nature of life. That way is the illusion of permanence, and loss. Your life begins small, in something like the drops of rain which become small streams and eventually great rivers which flow into the ocean. Like these streams and rivers, we encounter obstacles and challenges. The streams and rivers overcome the obstacles by wearing them down or finding a path around or through them. At times there are massive floods and huge waterfalls. Then there are the periods of smooth and peaceful flow of the river. The thing is to note that the flow never stops. It continues until the ocean is reached. The river never passes the same point twice and is only at that point for the precious moment that is there. It flows immediately to the next point of the journey. Those few times it does, it becomes stagnant and brackish. The river goes not struggle and strain, it simply flows on until it reaches its destination. The river at times will change direction because of obstacles encountered, but will continue the journey to reach its goal. When one path is blocked it seeks to find another path. The river is patient, for it knows it will eventually reach its destination. There are many parallels between the river and our lives. As babies and children many small items of input from our outlook on life and influence the way our lives flow. How to cite Philosophy of Life, Papers

In The Skin Of A Lion Essay Example For Students

In The Skin Of A Lion Essay In the novel, In the Skin of a Lion, by Michael Ondaatje, the main character, Patrick Lewis, searches for identity and light. Without these elements, he lacks love and cannot survive the world. A passage in chapter three describes him as a lonely man that is isolated from the world around him. Clara and Ambrose and Alice and Temelcoff and Cato- this cluster made up a drama without him. And he himself was noting but a prism that refracted their lives. He searched out things, he collected things. He was an abashed man, an inheritance from his father. Born in Abashed, Ontario. What did the word mean? Something that suggested there was a terrible horizon in him beyond which he couldnt leap. Something hollow, so when alone, when not aligned with another- whether it was Ambrose or Clara or Alice- he could hear the rattle within that suggested a space between him and community. A gap of love, (Ondaatje, pg.157) suggests his feelings of separation from his close companions. Patrick Lewis is a lost soul and a searcher on a constant journey. In chapter three, ironically titled, The Searcher, Patrick is searching for Ambrose Small but that is merely a metaphor for his vocation. He searched out things, he collected things, (Ondaatje, pg.157) indicates that he is always searching for something. The title, In the Skin of a Lion, can also be used to illustrate Patricks perpetual search. In the preface, Ondaatje states, (T)he joyful will stoop I will wander through the wilderness in the skin of a lion. Patrick is wandering through the wilderness, searching and hunting. He has no purpose in life; he just searches. The thing that he is looking for is light. This ambiguous concept of light Ondaatje presents throughout the novel is not ordinary light, but one that illuminates the void of darkness. Just like the moths that Patrick is intrigued by that only tend toward light at night, Patrick only seeks light when there is none around him. Patrick continues his eternal search for li ght because he has none of his own to emit. The central theme behind many stories is the loss and regaining of identity. Patrick has no identity of his own, and his only way of gaining a temporary one is through light. And he himself was nothing but a prism that refracted their lives. (Ondaatje, pg.157) A prism, by definition, refracts light into a spectrum of colors. Correspondingly, Patrick contorts other characters identities as his own. The readers are introduced to this concept of reflecting light even before the novel begins. This is indicated by, (D)riving the four hours to Marmora under six stars and a moon. Patrick is the moon; he can only reflect a stars light. When reflecting light from the six stars, the main characters in the novel, Patrick is able to gain a temporary identity. This is what Patrick is searching for his true identity. Throughout the novel, Patrick becomes like the people he associates with, and he gains a temporary identity and purpose. He takes on Alices quest to dissolve the power of the rich by blowing up the Muskoka Hotel. He becomes a criminal like Caravaggio by breaking into the Waterworks. When Patrick is without light to reflect, he is without identity. When Clara leaves Patrick, he is thrust into a world of darkness. Only when Alice re-enters his life can he begin to have an identity again. Just like Alices story of several actresses sharing the animal pelt to tell the story, the characters in Patricks life become the focus of his life. When Patrick is without an identity and the light of other characters, he is also lacking love. Something hollow, so when alone, when not aligned with another- whether is was Ambrose or Clara or Alice he could hear the rattle within that suggested a space between him and community. A gap of love. (Ondaatje, pg.157). Only with love can anyone be expected to have identity and fit into a community. Hazin Lewis neglected this aspect in Patricks life. Without a motherly influence he never received the nurturing and encouragement he needed . This lack of love from his father, created Patrick to become an abashed man. When Patrick came to Toronto he tried to forget about his past, and tried to make a new beginning: Now, in the city, he was new even to himself, the past locked away. (Ondaatje, pg.157). As much as Patrick was trying to get away from his past, it engulfed his future. His past became him. He could not escape his lack of love as a child, and continually searched for it. Patricks life is like a train ride. He is confined to the train, meeting new and unique people as they get on and off. He talks with them and befriends them. But there is something essentially different from Patrick and the people whom he befriends. They all have purpose for riding the train, a destination they want to reach and eventually they get off and leave Patrick behind. Sometimes Patrick would like to go with them to their destination, but he cant. Patrick stays on the train ride, which is a reflection of his life, and looks for his stop and unknown destination. .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 , .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .postImageUrl , .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 , .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5:hover , .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5:visited , .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5:active { border:0!important; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5:active , .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5 .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1bc2319c20af4d52eb3cc400d65003d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Time management EssayOne of many themes in this novel is the search for identity and light. One must possess these elements to survive the world. Patrick is constantly searching and looking for his true identity. Throughout his journey, he meets many people who help play an important role in his life. They also help build up his identity and true self. He feels a separation between him and the community he lives in. He also feels isolation and the lack of love. This passage states his inner feelings and thoughts and provides the readers some of his characteristic qualities. It states that he is an abashed man who searches and collects things, and who is isolated from every one who is close to him. This passage also provides emotional endearment for the readers, since it illustrates Patricks compassion and perception.